Understanding Cataracts
Cataracts are clouding of the natural lens in the eye, affecting vision. They are common in people over 60, but are now affecting more and more young people. This increase has led researchers to look at environmental factors such as pollution, UV radiation, and exposure to toxic chemicals.
“While age and genetics remain the major factors for cataracts, external factors such as pollution are becoming increasingly important. The onset of cataracts in young people is worrying and needs immediate attention,” said Dr. Neeraj Sanduja, MBBS, MS, Ophthalmologist and Eye Surgeon, Viaan Eye and Retina Centre, Gurugram (India).
The link between pollution and cataracts
Particulate Matter (PM)
Fine particulate matter (PM), such as PM2.5 and PM10, is a major hazard to eye health. These polluting particles cause oxidative stress, which accelerates the aging process of eye tissues.
“Long-term exposure to high levels of particulate matter can worsen cataracts, increasing the risk of developing the condition,” explains Dr. Sanduja. Additionally, oxidative stress caused by these particles can cause inflammation, further worsening eye health.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is another risk factor for cataracts. Pollution increases UV exposure in two ways: Particulate matter reflects and refracts UV rays, and ozone depletion, especially from pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
“Long-term exposure to UV light is a well-known risk factor for cataracts, and pollution amplifies this effect, making the eyes more vulnerable,” says Dr Sanduja.
Toxic chemicals
Toxic chemicals in the air, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide, can irritate and damage eye tissues. They also cause oxidative stress, which contributes to the development of cataracts.
“In highly polluted urban areas, people are exposed to a combination of toxic chemicals that significantly increase their risk of cataracts,” notes Dr. Sanduja.
Prevention and awareness raising
Protecting eye health from pollution requires efforts from both individuals and communities. Here are some steps that can help reduce the risk:
Wear protective eyewear: "Invest in UV-blocking sunglasses to protect your eyes from harmful rays when you're outdoors," advises Dr. Sanduja.
Practice good eye hygiene: Wash your eyes regularly and avoid rubbing them to reduce the risk of irritation caused by pollution.
Regular eye exams: Regular eye exams help detect cataracts early and prevent serious complications.
Improve indoor air quality: Use air purifiers and grow indoor plants to reduce exposure to airborne toxins.
“Raising awareness of the link between pollution and cataracts is important,” Dr Sanduja stressed. “By adopting protective measures and supporting a cleaner environment, we can significantly reduce the burden of this disease.”
