Gas and LNG
Russia was a leading gas supplier to Europe before the conflict in Ukraine. Russian gas is mainly transported via four pipelines: Nord Stream in the Baltic Sea, the Yamal route through Poland, the transit route through Ukraine and the Turkstream route. Europe is also a importer of Russian liquefied natural gas (LNG).
According to the European Commission, in 2021, the EU's imports of Russian gas will reach 150 billion cubic meters per year, equivalent to 45% of the bloc's total imports. Since then, the amount of Russian gas imported by the EU has fallen to 52 billion cubic meters.
Although the EU has not yet imposed sanctions on Russian gas imported via pipeline, contract disputes and the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline have reduced supply.
In the latest round of sanctions announced in July this year, the EU banned transactions, including any supply of goods or services related to Nord Stream, affecting the ability to restore this damaged pipeline.
The transportation of Russian gas through Ukraine will end at the end of 2024. Currently, only Turkstream remains as the final transit route for Russian gas to Europe.
The European Commission also proposed a ban on Russian gas and LNG imports by the end of 2027, but it has not yet been passed into law.
In 2024, the US imposed sanctions on companies that supported the development of Russia's Arctic 2 LNG project, which will become Russia's largest plant with a final output of 19.8 million tons per year.
Raw oil
The US, UK and EU have all banned imports of crude oil and refined petroleum products transported by sea from Russia in the first year of the conflict in Ukraine.
In addition to the embargoes, the G7 (including the US, UK and EU) imposed a price cap on Russian crude oil transported by sea to third countries at $60/barrel in December 2022.
The EU and the UK adjusted the crude oil price cap in June 2025 to 47.60 USD, 15% lower than the average market price, but the US did not support this move.
Western powers have also imposed sanctions on more than 440 tankers belonging to Russia's shadow fleet. Russia's leading transport company sovcomflot is also under sanctions from the West.
The US has also sanctioned major Russian oil companies, including Gazprom Neft and Surgutneftegaz.
Measures to ban Russian oil imports in the West and limit Russian oil trade have shifted Russia's oil flow to Asia, with China, India and Turkey as key customers.
Coal
The European Union has banned imports of Russian coal in 2022, reducing import volumes from 50 million tons in 2021 to zero in 2023, according to data from Eurostat.
