Assessing 5 years of implementing the 10-year socio-economic development strategy 2021 - 2030

APPENDIX 4

EVALUATION OF 5 YEARS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 10-YEAR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021 - 2030

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The 10-year socio-economic development strategy 2021 - 2030 is implemented in the context of intertwined opportunities, advantages and difficulties, challenges, but more difficulties and challenges. The international and domestic situation is changing rapidly and complicatedly, many issues are unprecedented and beyond forecasts. The Covid-19 pandemic left serious consequences; armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, adjustments to tax policies by major countries, trade wars that have slowed down global economic growth; natural disasters, storms, floods, landslides that occurred at high frequency and high intensity[1]; science, technology, innovation, artificial intelligence have made breakthroughs, and technological competition is increasingly fierce. Our country's economy and society face many major difficulties and challenges; while having to deal with internal limitations and shortcomings that have lasted for many years, we must also focus on solving complex and sudden newly arising problems.

In that context, we have effectively prevented, controlled and controlled the Covid-19 epidemic, turned the situation around, quickly changed the state, limited the impact of supply chain disruption, promoted economic and social recovery and development. In the last two years of the term, many decisions of historical and strategic significance have been issued, opening a major turning point in the country's development process, especially the revolution in reorganizing the apparatus of the political system and administrative units at all levels, organizing the activities of local governments at both levels, creating new development space; innovating the construction and enforcement of laws, promoting decentralization, delegation of power and reform, cutting administrative procedures; breakthroughs in developing science, technology, innovation, digital transformation; international integration; developing the private economy. Difficulties and obstacles for long-standing projects have been removed; the implementation progress has been accelerated, the construction of a high-speed railway system, high-speed railway, urban railway, nuclear power; the development and implementation of a high economic growth plan, creating a double-digit growth foundation for the period 2026 - 2030. Major social policies associated with improving the material and spiritual life of the people have been implemented; exempting tuition fees for students from public preschool to high school, basically completing the elimination of temporary and dilapidated houses, implementing the construction of 1 million social housing units...

I- RESULTS ACHIEVED IN 5 YEARS OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION[2]

1. On the macroeconomic situation and the results of implementing Strategic goals

The macro economy is basically stable, inflation is controlled[3], major balances of the economy are guaranteed, public debt, government debt, and foreign debt are well controlled[4], much lower than the warning level, monetary policy, fiscal policy and other macroeconomic policies are coordinated synchronously, harmoniously, flexibly, promptly and effectively. Economic growth is maintained at a fairly high level compared to the region and the world, the average growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) in the period of 2021 - 2025 is about 6.3%/year[5], of which in 2025 it is expected to increase from 8.3 - 8.5%.

GDP scale from 346.6 billion USD in 2020, ranked 37th in the world, expected to increase to over 510 billion USD in 2025[6], 1.48 47 times compared to 2020, ranked 32nd in the world[6 and 4th in the ASEAN region; GDP per capita is 1.4 times higher, increasing from 3,552 USD to about 5,000 USD. National income (GNI) per capita will increase from 3,400 USD in 2020 to 4,490 USD in 2024, approaching the high average income level; by 2025, it will reach about 4,700 USD, entering the group of countries with high average incomes[8].

The scale of import and export of goods is constantly increasing, ranking 20th in the world; the trade surplus is continuously high. Energy security and food security are guaranteed. It has strived to increase revenue and save state budget expenditures to supplement resources for development investment, important and urgent tasks of social security, national defense and security9. The average rate of mobilization to the state budget in the period of 2021 - 2025 will reach about 18% of GDP. The budget deficit rate for the period 2021 - 2025 is about 3.1 - 3.2% of GDP. Public debt by the end of 2025 is expected to be about 35 - 36% of GDP, much lower than the ceiling. Mobilizing resources for socio-economic development has achieved positive results, the total social investment capital in the period of 2021 - 2025 reached about 33% of GDP, reaching the set target (32 - 34%). Many projects are backlogged, behind schedule, ineffective, businesses have suffered losses for many years, weak credit institutions have been resolutely handled, achieving very positive results[10], contributing to unlocking large resources for the economy. By 2025, the size of the stock market will be about 60% of GDP, the size of the bond market will reach 34% of GDP.

Growth quality has changed positively, labor productivity has increased by an average of 5.3%/year, the contribution of factors factors (TFP) to economic growth reached about 47%. Public investment is distributed and used more focusedly, keyly, and effectively; the quality of foreign direct investment (FDI) continues to improve...

2. On prevention and control of Covid-19 epidemic and economic recovery

Resolutely implement many solutions to control and repel the epidemic, including "unprecedented" solutions; implement "double targets", both focusing on disease prevention, control, and maintaining production, preventing supply chain disruptions; and gradually recovering and developing the socio-economy in the direction of "Safety adaptation, flexibility, effective control of Covid-19 epidemic"; promoting vaccine diplomacy strategy, establishing a vaccine fund; implementing the largest free vaccination campaign nationwide to date. After the severe impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, our country's economy has quickly recovered strongly thanks to good epidemic control and proactively developing and organizing the drastic and effective implementation of the Socio-Economic Recovery and Development Program. About 105 trillion VND has been supported for over 1.4 million employers and over 68.4 million workers facing difficulties due to the impact of Covid-19... Many tax, fee, charge, land rent policies have been implemented to exempt and extend; about 175.5 trillion VND has been allocated from the central budget for the Socio-Economic Recovery and Development Program for infrastructure, healthcare projects...

Despite 2 years of being heavily affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and global trade decline, our country's economy still achieved a positive growth rate, GDP growth rate in 2020 - 2021 still reached 2.71%/year; our country's economy in 2022 recovered strongly, reaching 8.54%, which is considered a "bright spot" of the global economy.

3. On promoting industrialization, modernization, and economic restructuring associated with growth model innovation

a) Promote industrialization, modernization, and restructuring of manufacturing and service sectors

industrialization and modernization have promoted economic restructuring associated with growth model innovation to achieve positive results. The proportion of the industrial and service sector in GDP will increase from 78.6% in 2020 to 80.54% in 2025; the agricultural sector will decrease from 12.7% to 11.56%; product taxes minus product subsidies will account for about 8.0%.

The economy is initially restructured towards digitalization, greening, diversification, enhancing resilience, upgrading value chains based on science, technology, and innovation. The growth rate of the digital economy will reach an average of 9 - 10%/year, accounting for about 14 - 15% of GDP in 2025[11]; the rate of adults with payment accounts accounts accounts accounts for over 87%, exceeding the set target (80%), cashless payments are increasingly popular.

The added value of the industrial sector increased by an average of 6.6%/year. The processing and manufacturing industry has a fairly good growth rate, especially in key industries such as electronics, textiles, footwear, wood furniture, etc.; the proportion of processing and manufacturing industry in GDP increased from 23.9% in 2020 to about 2524.7% in 2025; the added value of processing and manufacturing industry per capita reached about 1,250 USD. A number of large-scale industries have been formed, capable of competing in the international market, gradually forming the autonomous capacity of the economy. Many industrial groups have export turnover of over 10 billion USD[12], among the leading groups in the region and the world. The energy industry has grown quite well; the proportion of wind power, solar power, and thermal power in the total electricity output of the system will increase from 4.9% in 2020 to 15% in 2025. The industrial park area increased from 117.3 thousand hectares in 2020 to about 140 thousand hectares in 2025[13]. Two major industrial regions of the country have been formed, the Southeast and the Red River Delta. Some telecommunications and information technology enterprises have played a leading role in technology infrastructure, creating a foundation for the digital economy and digital society. Some industrial groups are large-scale, capable of competing in domestic and international markets. The capacity of the construction industry has been enhanced, with the ability to design and construct modern, complex, and competitive projects. The quality of construction materials has been improved, many new, smart, energy-saving construction material products are widely applied.

Many service sectors are focused on development such as information and communications, finance, banking, aviation... widely applying modern technology in trade, banking, education and training, healthcare, insurance, transportation... Applying international standards for accounting, auditing, commercial banking activities... Logistics service infrastructure continues to be promoted. E-commerce has become an important distribution channel. Tourism is recovering strongly, international visitors to Vietnam are estimated to reach about 24 - 25 million in 2025.

Agricultural labor productivity increased from 71.9 million VND in 2020 to over 105 million VND in 2025. The group of 13 national key agricultural products[15], the main provincial and local specialty products (OCOP) have been gradually improved in quality; the proportion of high-quality products, through processing, has increased rapidly; there are 11 items with export turnover of over 1 billion USD, of which 7 groups of items over 3 billion USD[16]; Vietnam's agricultural exports rank 15th in the world, 2nd in Southeast Asia and currently present in over 200 countries and territories, many types of Vietnamese agricultural products are in the leading group in the world.

Implement the conversion of crop structure on ineffective rice fields to crops and livestock with higher economic efficiency. The value of 1 hectare of cultivated land increased from 102.8 million VND in 2020 to 150 million VND in 2025; many localities have created some models that bring high value, reaching 700 million - 1 billion VND/ha. Many concentrated agricultural models, applying high technology, raising livestock in a closed chain, complying with quality control processes, granting growing area codes, products meeting market standards of developed countries. The African swine fever vaccine has been produced to serve domestic disease prevention and control and exported to 5 countries. Improving the efficiency of offshore seafood exploitation in conjunction with protecting national sovereignty over seas and islands. The sustainable forest protection and development program has been effectively implemented, expanding the area of concentrated planted forests and scattered trees.

models of ecological agriculture, green agriculture, circular agriculture, organic agriculture, and high-tech agriculture are developed. The force of agricultural enterprises has increased sharply; the operational efficiency of cooperative and agricultural cooperative unions has been improved[17]. Some large agricultural processing complexes with advanced technology have been invested; contributing to increasing the export rate of processed agricultural products to 45% of total agricultural export turnover.

b) Restructuring key sectors of the economy

Public investment institutions continue to be amended and improved to remove difficulties and obstacles in project implementation; promote decentralization and delegation of authority. Directing and operating public investment resolutely, focusing public investment capital on key national projects, with high spread, connecting regions and inter-regions, basically overcoming the situation of scattered and dispersed investment[18]. The progress of public investment disbursement has improved.

Mechanisms and policies on innovation, rearrangement and improvement of the quality of state-owned enterprises continue to be improved. The handling of projects that are behind schedule, ineffective, and businesses have suffered prolonged losses has achieved positive results. State-owned enterprises are decentralized, delegated authority, and given more initiative. Some economic groups and state-owned corporations have large scale, good brands, effective production and business activities, are able to compete regionally and internationally, and maintain a key position in the economy.

The private economic sector[19] has developed dynamically with the growing number of enterprises, contributing about 51% of GDP[20], over 30% of budget revenue, employing 82% of labor. Initially, a number of large-scale, multi-industry private economic groups have been formed, capable of competing in the international market. It has attracted a number of large enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises to invest in research and implementation of science and technology to connect with small and medium enterprises. Mechanisms and policies on the private economy have strong innovations, especially from 2025, in the direction of developing the private economy as the most important driving force of the national economy.

Restructuring the system of credit institutions has been actively implemented, ensuring the banking system operates safely, gradually applying international standards. Credit growth reached an average of 14.5%/year, focusing on production and business and priority sectors; interest rates tended to decrease. The banking product and service distribution network has developed rapidly, modernly, and has widespread coverage; financial capacity, management and operation quality have been gradually consolidated and improved. The development of new banking services, modernization of information technology systems and cashless payments are being promoted. Restructuring and handling weak credit institutions, handling bad debts[21], cross-ownership in the credit institution system achieved many positive results; the stability and safety of the credit institution system was maintained.

4. About 3 strategic breakthroughs

a) Regarding the improvement and improvement of the quality of socialist-oriented market-economic institutions

The work of building, perfecting and organizing law enforcement has been focused on and has had many breakthroughs[22] Strongly innovate thinking, thinking, working methods, methods of law making and organization to meet the requirements of national development in the new era in the spirit of Resolution No. 66-NQ/TW, dated April 30, 2025 of the Politburo; develop laws along with developing guiding documents, ensuring that the law is put into practice as soon as it takes effect.
Focus on reviewing, adjusting, and supplementing legal bases to remove difficulties, obstacles, and bottlenecks in implementation, ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of people and businesses.Many legal documents related to perfecting the legal framework of the market economy, creating an equal competitive environment, creating development in the digital space, fully institutionalizing the ownership of assets of the State, organizations, individuals...have been studied, supplemented, and amended.The quality of legal documents has been improved.Basically complete the review and elimination of conflicts, overlaps, conflicts, and administrative procedures that are no longer suitable in the law on investment and business.The quality of the investment and business environment has been significantly improved.

Market types continue to be formed synchronously, developing rapidly, and associated with regional and world markets. Some new types of markets have been perfecting conditions for formation and development such as the carbon credit market, green credit, green finance, etc.

Decentralization and delegation of authority between central agencies and local governments and between local government levels are promoted. Piloting specific mechanisms and policies, decentralizing to a number of localities and gradually expanding the scope of application.

Inspection, examination and auditing activities have been promoted, focusing on key areas that are prone to negative outcomes. Judicial administration, judicial support, and transaction registration must basically meet the requirements of people and businesses.

b) Regarding human resource development, education and training, science, technology, innovation, digital transformation and promotion of cultural and human values of Vietnam

The labor structure continues to shift positively, the agricultural labor rate decreased from 28.333.1% in 2020 to about 25.8% in 2025. The quality of human resources is increasingly improved; the rate of trained workers will increase from 64.5% in 2020 to 70% in 2025, of which the rate of workers with degrees and certificates will increase from 24.1% in 2020 to about 29.2% in 2025.

Basic and comprehensive innovation in education and training has achieved some positive results. The national education system is basically completed in the direction of openness, connectivity between levels of education, qualifications and between methods of education and training. Diverse and flexible methods of education and online training are increasingly popular. The training qualifications and professional and technical capacity of teachers and educational managers at all levels have been improved. Teaching and learning facilities and equipment have been invested in, gradually improving. The quality of general education, both mass and spearheaded[23], is increasingly improved.

Vocational education has many changes, the quality of vocational training has been gradually improved. Pay attention to developing high-quality human resources, especially in the fields of chip and semiconductor manufacturing, artificial intelligence, information technology, etc.

Innovation in higher education associated with increased autonomy has created new momentum, creating strong changes in quality and efficiency in human resource training and scientific research. Training quality has been improved, the number of international scientific publications has increased sharply, some higher education institutions and training groups are highly ranked in Asia and the world[24].

The continuing education system is expanded and diversified in learning forms, promoting a lifelong learning and learning society. Education in particularly difficult areas, ethnic minority areas and integrated education is more important. Focus on implementing inter-level schools in land border communes; in which, strive to start construction of 100 schools in 2025. The socialization of education is being promoted; the network of non-public training institutions is developing rapidly.

Mechanisms and policies on science, technology, innovation, digital transformation have initial fundamental innovations according to Resolution No. 57-NQ/TW, dated December 22, 2024 of the Politburo on breakthroughs in the development of science, technology, innovation and national digital transformation. The National Innovation Center and the National Data Center have been implemented, completed and put into operation and use; thereby contributing to creating momentum to promote the development of science, technology, innovation, digital transformation, growth model innovation and increasing the added value of the economy. Some areas of natural science have reached advanced levels in the region and the world. The number of research works published in international scientific journals continues to increase. Many modern scientific and technological achievements have been quickly and widely applied in the fields of health, agriculture, industry, information, etc.

The national innovation system is formed and developed. A Vietnam innovation network has been formed, cooperating with the global network. Vietnam's global innovation index has been continuously improved, ranking among the top among middle-income countries[25]. The science and technology market has developed; the national innovative startup ecosystem is formed and developed. High-tech parks are being invested in.

The system of standards, quality measurement, protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights continues to be consolidated and developed, in accordance with international standards and commitments.

The team of intellectuals, science and technology develops in both quantity and quality, in which some prestigious scientists are recognized and honored by the world. The conversion of public science and technology organizations to autonomous and self-responsible mechanisms is being accelerated. A number of international advanced science and technology organizations have been established in both the public and private sectors[26].

The development of applications for population data, identification and electronic authentication to serve national digital transformation has been strongly and drastically implemented from the central to local levels. National digital transformation is promoted, developing digital government[27], digital economy, digital society achieves positive results.

The awareness of the position, role and importance of cultural values and Vietnamese people for the country's sustainable development has been significantly enhanced and spread in society. Develop and implement the National Target Program on Vietnamese Cultural Development. The cultural industry has gradually developed, contributing positively to socio-economic development and international integration.

c) Regarding infrastructure development

The implementation of strategic breakthroughs in infrastructure development has been vigorously implemented and achieved many outstanding results.
The socio-economic infrastructure system has had a breakthrough development, quality has been improved, many large-scale important infrastructure projects have been invested and upgraded, contributing to significantly changing the face of the country and opening up new development space.Many important, large-scale traffic projects have been invested in and upgraded.By 2025, the country will have more than 3,000 km of expressways, basically completing the North-South expressway in the East and implementing the construction of a number of vertical expressways[28].The two international gateway seaports of Lach Huyen and Cai Mep - Thi Vai and the main port access routes are invested in upgrading and expanding.Important airport projects have been completed[29], and construction of Long Thanh International Airport Phase 1 has been completed.Upgrading and renovating important inland and inter-regional waterways[30].Deploy the construction of a number of belt routes[31] and put into operation a number of urban railway lines in two major cities[32] Preparing to invest in the high-speed railway on the North - South axis and international connecting routes, connecting seaports and gateways.

Power supply infrastructure has been focused on investment, many large projects (over 1,000 MW) have been completed; focusing on developing renewable energy and clean energy. Actively remove difficulties, putting many projects with important roles into operation[3]. Complete the 500 kV line 3 project Quang Trach (Quang Binh) - Pho Noi (Hung Yen) in a record short time. Irrigation infrastructure[34], natural disaster prevention and control, and climate change response are of interest in investment.

Information and communication infrastructure and digital infrastructure continue to be expanded, modernized and developed strongly. Promote digital infrastructure investment in the direction of modernization and be one step ahead to promote national digital transformation[35]. The national database system was formed[36], gradually integrating, connecting, and sharing data between ministries, branches, and localities. Postal infrastructure has gradually met the development requirements of the digital economy, especially e-commerce.

Many infrastructure works for education and training, science and technology, health care and cultural and sports institutions... have been focused on investment. Rural infrastructure is being invested in, contributing to changing the face of the countryside.

5. On regional economic development, marine and urban economy and new rural construction

a) Regional development

Socio-economic development of regions and inter-regional areas is of special interest, gradually building economic corridors, dynamic areas, and growth poles to promote the potential and advantages of regions and localities.

The regional coordination mechanism is more complete; the role of regional coordination councils is promoted; regional linkages are promoted.Many projects with regional scale and regional linkage are being implemented.

Planning work has made a breakthrough. The quality of national master planning, sectoral planning, and local planning has been improved, ensuring connectivity and synchronization, creating new growth drivers and development space.

b) Developing the marine economy

The marine economy is promoted and achieved positive results; the seaport system, coastal roads, dyke system, sea embankment, island infrastructure... are invested in; the material and spiritual life of people in coastal and island areas is improved. Scientific research and basic research on the ocean have achieved many positive results. Management, exploitation, use, protection of marine resources and environment, response to climate change, and rising sea levels continue to receive attention. A mechanism for land reclamation has been issued to create new development space.

Forming and developing economic zones, industrial parks, tourist areas associated with coastal urban chains; implementing research and forming free trade zones in some localities. The advantages of the sea are promoted more effectively, gradually realizing the goal of making our country a strong nation in the sea, rich from the sea, sustainable development, prosperity, security and safety.

c) Urban development and new rural construction

Urbanization and urban development have become an important driving force for economic and social development; by 2025, the urbanization rate will reach about 45%. The quality of urban areas continues to improve; initially, economic growth poles and innovation centers for science, technology, education and training have been formed in large urban areas. Urban infrastructure is invested, expanded and completed in a modern and synchronous direction.

The whole country has about 80% of communes meeting new rural standards, of which about 35% are new rural communes, 10% are model new rural communes; 24 provinces and cities have 100% of communes meeting new rural standards; 12 provinces are recognized for completing the task of building new rural areas[37]. There have been over 16.8 thousand OCOP products with 3 stars or more with more than 9,000 OCOP entities. Economic structure, production level and appearance of rural areas have changed significantly.

6. On cultural and social development, improving the material and spiritual life of the people

a) Regarding culture

Cultural, social and human development has many progressive aspects. The awareness of the position, role and importance of culture has been significantly raised and spread in society. viewpoints, mechanisms and policies for cultural development are supplemented and perfected. Develop and implement the National Target Program on Cultural Development for the period 2025 - 2035. The national value system, cultural value system, family value system and Vietnamese human standards are focused on being built. Gradually implement the goal of building a prosperous, progressive, happy Vietnamese family, truly a home for each person, a healthy cell of society.

Traditional cultural values and cultural heritage of the nation are inherited, preserved and promoted; culture in politics and economics is more valued.

Basically, a system of cultural institutions has been formed at many levels from the central to local levels, meeting the needs of the people, contributing to gradually narrowing the gap in cultural enjoyment between regions and areas. Cultural and artistic products are increasingly diverse and abundant. The cultural industry actively contributes to socio-economic development.

The work of preserving, restoring and promoting the value of cultural heritage, scenic spots, and cultures of ethnic minority and mountainous areas has achieved positive results. Many cultural heritages have been recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as world heritages. The preservation and promotion of the value of cultural and natural heritage associated with sustainable tourism development is focused on.

Vietnamese human development has achieved many achievements in stature, fitness and qualifications; the happiness index ranking was raised from 83rd in 2020 to 46th in 2025, an increase of 37 places[38]. Vietnam's human development index has improved significantly[39], much higher than that of countries with the same income level. The mass sports movement is developing strongly. The system of physical education and sports facilities is invested and built. High-performance sports have achieved some positive results.

b) Protection, care and improvement of people's health

The average life expectancy and health index of people nationwide have improved, in 2025, the average life expectancy from birth is 74.8 years, the number of years of healthy living is about 67 years. Prevention and control of the Covid-19 pandemic has been implemented drastically, flexibly and effectively. The network of medical facilities has developed widely; the capacity and quality of medical examination and treatment at all levels have been improved. Promote digital transformation in the health sector. Expanding remote medical examination and treatment activities, transferring techniques, and promptly supporting lower levels. The private health system continues to be developed and expanded. The professional qualifications and capacity of the medical human resources have been improved; mastering many high techniques, especially organ transplants. The pharmaceutical and medical equipment sectors have made progress. The domestically produced vaccine has basically met the expanded immunization program[40].

The combination of traditional medicine and modern medicine is increasingly close[41]. The operating mechanism, finances, and service prices of public health service units have been innovated; many public hospitals have become financially autonomous. The health insurance coverage ratio increased from 90.92% in 2020 to 95.2% in 2025. Preventive medicine, grassroots health care, and the family doctor model are strengthened; a system of disease control centers at all levels is formed. Infectious diseases are controlled and non-communicable diseases are managed effectively in the community. The work of ensuring food safety, the health environment, and controlling health risks has had positive results. Gradually shifting the focus from population work, family planning to population and development; removing regulations on childbearing limits. Population quality has gradually improved, reducing maternal and child mortality.

c) Policy for people with revolutionary contributions, social assistance, social security, poverty reduction, and improving people's lives

Poverty reduction policies have been widely and effectively implemented; the lives of the poor have been gradually improved, especially in ethnic minority areas, mountainous areas, remote areas, border areas, and islands. The Government's multidimensional poverty rate according to the poverty line will decrease from 4.4% in 2021 to about 1.3% in 2025.

Fully and promptly implement preferential policies for people with revolutionary contributions. Activities to repay gratitude and mobilize social resources to care for the lives of people with revolutionary contributions have been promoted. The lives of meritorious people and their relatives continue to improve and enhance.

Social security policies have shifted from "guaranteed and stable" to "stable and developed". The number of people receiving regular social assistance is expanded, in 2025 it will be over 3.5 million people, of which over 55% are elderly. vulnerable groups and people in difficult circumstances in society are given attention and support[42]

Children's protection and care have been strengthened; regularly pay attention to preventing and combating accidents and injuries in children, preventing and responding to acts of violence against children. Lifestyle education for young people is of interest.

The work of caring for and promoting the role of the elderly continues to receive attention from all levels and sectors. The number of elderly people with pensions and monthly social allowances has increased, over 95% of elderly people have been granted health insurance cards, receive medical examination, treatment, and health care.

Gender equality is increasingly substantial, the role and status of women have been improved and significantly enhanced. The work of preventing and combating domestic violence has achieved positive results. Vietnam's Gender Equality Index in 2023 ranked 72/146 countries, up 15 places compared to 2021[42]

Implement well social insurance, unemployment insurance, and salary policies. The subjects participating in social insurance continue to expand. State management of labor relations has changed positively, labor relations have improved. have been gradually implementing salary policy reform for cadres, civil servants, public employees, armed forces and workers in enterprises.

The work of solving employment for workers has been given attention, maintaining the unemployment rate at a low level below 3%. Effectively implementing solutions to support workers and employers during and after the Covid-19 pandemic, contributing to stabilizing, recovering and developing the labor market. Social housing development has received special attention for investment; actively implement the Project to invest in the construction of at least 1 million social housing apartments[44]; establish a "National Social Housing Fund". By 2025, temporary and dilapidated houses nationwide will be basically completed.

Implement well ethnic and religious policies; the great national unity bloc is consolidated and strengthened. Prioritize investment resources, support for ethnic minority areas, mountainous areas and areas with special difficulties; the material and spiritual life of the people has been significantly improved. The people's freedom of belief and religion is concerned about and guaranteed. Prevention and control of social evils are promoted; post-rehabilitation management and support in finding jobs, supporting livelihoods for people after drug rehabilitation to achieve positive results. Implementing sustainable development goals (SDG) has achieved positive results.

d) Information and communication work

Implement well the information and propaganda work on mass media, the basic information system on the Party's guidelines and policies, the State's policies and laws, and major events of the country. Communications, press, and publishing have contributed to conveying to the world vivid, multi-dimensional information about the country and people of Vietnam. The grassroots information system is consolidated and modernized. Effectively combat the acts of spreading bad, toxic, untrue, distorted information, wrong views and ideas, especially in cyberspace.

7. On resource management and use; environmental protection and climate change response, natural disaster prevention, control and mitigation

Basic investigation, planning, resource management and exploitation, monitoring, evaluation, and supervision of environmental quality continue to be strengthened; resource sources are planned, managed, exploited, and used more reasonably and effectively.
Policies and laws on management, exploitation, use of resources, and environmental protection continue to be innovated and improved; remove many shortcomings in regulations on land, resource and environmental management.Markets for land use rights, natural resource exploitation rights, minerals, carbon credits, etc. are gradually taking shape.

Waste management and environmental control in industrial parks have made much progress. Environmental pollution control in river basins, urban areas, and craft villages is being focused on. The thorough handling of facilities causing serious environmental pollution is being promoted. Forest protection, development, and improvement are focused on, especially upstream forests; forest cover is maintained[45]. Biodiversity conservation, management of nature reserves, special-use forests, and marine reserves have made much progress. Circular economic models and green economy are promoted for development. In 2024, the rate of hazardous waste collection and treatment will reach about 90%; the rate of clean water and sanitary water use of urban and rural residents will reach 99.0% and 97.5% respectively; the rate of industrial parks with centralized wastewater treatment systems meeting environmental standards is 92.0%; the forest coverage rate is 42%.

Prevention and control of natural disasters, droughts, saline intrusion, riverbank and coastal erosion, especially in the Mekong Delta and the work of protecting and developing water resources, responding to challenges in cross-border water resources have been of interest and direction to all levels and sectors.

8. Regarding strengthening and enhancing national defense, ensuring national security, maintaining social order and safety; resolutely and persistently fighting to firmly protect national independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity

National defense and security potential has been consolidated and enhanced in many aspects; political security has been maintained. Building a revolutionary, disciplined, elite, and modern People's Army and Police has achieved many important results; basically completing the adjustment of the Army and Police to be lean, compact, and strong; taking a strong political stance as a basis, improving the quality of the whole, combat readiness and fighting strength to increasingly better meet the requirements of building and defending the Fatherland. Build a strong, increasingly high-quality reserve force; strong militia and self-defense forces, spread across sectors and localities, especially in coastal areas, islands and strategic and key areas.

Build a "people's heart posture" associated with a solid national defense posture and a solid people's security posture; Establish a comprehensive national defense and security posture within, outside national borders and in cyberspace. The core role of economic - defense zones associated with socio-economic development in remote, border, sea, island and area areas with special difficulties has been promoted. The quality of construction and operation of provincial and municipal defense areas and military region defences has been improved; civil defense has been focused on; building a national defense posture, building a people's security posture and building a solid people's heart posture has been focused on and achieved important and sustainable results. It has paid attention to investing in developing dual-use defense and security industries, applying high technology and diverse products.

Proactively detect and forecast the situation correctly, promptly set appropriate countermeasures, avoid being passive or surprised; prevent early and remote risks of war, conflict, and insecurity. Ensure absolute security and safety for key targets, projects, important political, cultural, economic and social events of the country. Deploy solutions to ensure cultural security, information security, communication, economic security, security, network information security[46], environmental security. Maintain national digital sovereignty in cyberspace. Ensure increasingly solid social security, religious and ethnic security, security in strategic and key areas, avoid "hot spots"; promptly detect and proactively handle complicated incidents of security and order that cause public outrage, and strengthen the people's trust.

The movement of All People Protecting National Security is being promoted. Build the commune-level police force, participate in protecting security and order, bring the police closer to the people, close to the people to serve. The fight against crime has been vigorously and synchronously implemented, controlling the increase in crime in a fundamental and sustainable manner. Many cases of high-tech crimes, cases of drug crimes with foreign elements, transnational activities, etc. have been effectively investigated and discovered, contributing to building an orderly, disciplined, secure, safe and healthy society.

The work of overcoming the consequences of war, responding to disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, preventing and fighting fires and explosions, search and rescue is being strengthened. Actively contribute to activities of preventing and combating terrorism, ensuring network security, preventing and combating transnational organized crime. Effectively participate in United Nations peacekeeping forces and international rescue activities.

9. On foreign affairs and international integration

Foreign affairs and international integration continue to go into depth and effectiveness, achieving many important and outstanding achievements of strategic and long-term significance, creating a new, open, favorable foreign situation for security and development, enhancing the country's position, demonstrating its role as a pioneering front in creating and maintaining a peaceful and stable environment, mobilizing resources and taking advantage of favorable external conditions for national development.

Party foreign affairs, state diplomacy and people's foreign affairs have been expanded, deepening relations with partners, focusing on neighboring countries, major countries, traditional friends; upgrading and elevating relations with key partners; establishing diplomatic relations with 194 countries, including comprehensive strategic partnerships with 13 countries, strategic partners with 11 countries, and comprehensive partners with 14 countries. The work of determining and resolving a number of territorial border issues has achieved very important results, strengthening the peaceful, friendly and stable border.

Economic diplomacy is promoted, effectively exploiting economic cooperation opportunities. Vaccine diplomacy has contributed positively and effectively to the prevention and control of the Covid-19-19 pandemic[47]. Actively implement free trade agreements, participate in a number of economic linkage initiatives and new economic cooperation frameworks. Multilateral foreign affairs have shifted from participating to proactively proposing many initiatives and solutions at important cooperation mechanisms[48] to solve common world problems. Actively and effectively participate in the United Nations peacekeeping force and international rescue and relief work.

The work of overseas Vietnamese has been promoted; the resources of overseas Vietnamese are increasingly playing an important role in the cause of protecting, building and developing the country. Foreign information and cultural diplomacy work has been innovated in content, methods, and application of digital technology. Do a good job of protecting citizens, making efforts to ensure the safety of life, health and legitimate and legal rights of Vietnamese citizens abroad.

10. On building a socialist rule-of-law state; preventing and combating corruption, waste and negativity

The institutionalization of the Party's policies and guidelines has been implemented more drastically, focusing, key and effectively. Focus on reviewing the legal system, eliminating overlapping and inappropriate regulations that hinder development and improvement in a comprehensive, synchronous, unified, public, transparent, accessible, appropriate and feasible manner. The state management method has been gradually adjusted to better suit the requirements of national development and international practices. The organization of law enforcement has had many positive changes; the effectiveness and efficiency of state management have been improved.

Resolutely carry out the revolution of streamlining the organization and apparatus of the entire political system from the central to local levels to improve efficiency, effectiveness, efficiency, expand development space and create favorable conditions for decentralization, delegation of authority, cutting administrative procedures, and saving regular expenditures. Implement the merger of some provincial-level administrative units, no district-level organizations, merge commune-level administrative units; implement the 2-level local government model. The implementation of the autonomy and self-responsibility mechanism of public service units has had many positive changes.

A step has been taken to reform the salary regime for cadres, civil servants and public employees. Resolutely simplify and reduce administrative procedures, towards building a digital government. In 2025, implement a reduction of more than 30% of the time for handling administrative procedures; abolish more than 30% of unnecessary business conditions; reduce more than 30% of compliance costs; all procedures related to businesses are carried out online, smoothly, seamlessly and effectively, ensuring transparency, minimizing paperwork; 100% of administrative procedures are carried out regardless of administrative boundaries within the provincial level.

The work of preventing and combating corruption, negativity, waste, and practicing thrift has been promoted. Many major corruption and negativity cases are particularly serious, long-standing, and have occurred on a large scale and have been strictly handled. The work of receiving citizens and handling complaints and denunciations has received attention, the rate of handling cases has been high, many cases of complaints and denunciations are pending, complicated, and prolonged, and have been considered and resolved. Discipline, administrative discipline, and public service discipline are strengthened; the effectiveness and efficiency of direction and management are improved. The work of supervision, inspection, examination; handling of officials who violate the law has been further promoted.

II- LIMITATIONS, WEAKNESS

1. Regarding the macroeconomic situation, industrialization, modernization, economic restructuring associated with growth model innovation

Macroeconomic stability is not really solid, growth quality improvement is still slow, economic structure and growth model from breadth to depth have not had many significant changes. The quality, efficiency, autonomy and competitiveness of the economy are not high. New economic growth has reached approximately the set target[49]. Green transformation, circular economy, semiconductor chips, artificial intelligence, new energy, new materials... have not really become new growth drivers.

Labor productivity is still lower than many countries in the region[50], slow to improve. The ICOR coefficient is still high (6.944) due to focusing on investment in the infrastructure system and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Private investment has increased slowly[51]; there are times when many businesses have to narrow production scale and cut output.

The financial and monetary markets still have potential risks, sometimes there are risks affecting the safety of the system. The bad debt ratio tends to increase; the pressure to operate the exchange rate is still high. The stock market and corporate bonds have not really become an effective medium and long-term capital mobilization channel for businesses. Mobilizing resources from businesses, people, and internationally in infrastructure development is still limited. The real estate market faces many difficulties and obstacles, and still has many potential risks and challenges; a shortage of supply in some segments. Gold market management is not yet flexible. The trade balance with some major markets is not sustainable, exports are slow to meet new technical standards in international trade; the value of trade is mainly based on foreign direct investment[52].

The foundation for industrialization and modernization is not yet solid, and technological autonomy is slow to improve. Industry mainly develops in a wide area, the production, processing, assembling and processing of raw materials still accounts for a large proportion, the added value is still low, and has not participated deeply in the global value chain. Basic industries and spearhead industries are developing slowly; have not yet mastered the source technology in the mechanical engineering industry; innovation of technology, machinery and equipment is still limited. Supporting industry is developing slowly, not meeting requirements.

The production link between the foreign-invested enterprise sector and domestic enterprises is still weak and slow to improve. The formation of industrial clusters and production ecological systems is still limited, and there is no clear formation of specialized industrial centers with international competitiveness.

Service quality is not high, competitiveness in the regional and international markets is still low; service businesses are small-scale, applying high technology is still limited. Super-service import is still high, slow to overcome the deficit in the import-export balance of services, especially in the logistics industry. Slow application of mechanisms and policies to develop new service industries and high-tech services. The competitiveness of the tourism industry is not high, lacking cooperation and chain linkage between sectors and fields; tourism products are not really unique and attractive to tourists, especially international visitors. Connecting between transport methods is limited; the market share of import-export goods transportation is low, the shipping fleet is underdeveloped.

Agricultural development still has many factors that are not sustainable, slow to transform from agricultural production thinking to agricultural economy, concentrated, large-scale and high-standard commodity production of the international market. The quality and competitiveness of some agricultural products are not high, the consumption market at some times is still unstable. The agricultural, forestry and fishery processing industry has not developed strongly, especially in the stages of preservation and deep processing; output for production still depends heavily on imports[53]; post-harvest losses are still high. Not participating in deeply in high value-added stages in the global value chain.

Public investment has not really promoted its leading role, effectively activating non-state resources. There are still many difficulties and problems in compensation, site clearance, conversion of rice fields, forest land use purposes, etc. Handling weak credit institutions is facing many difficulties. The capacity and effectiveness of risk management at some credit institutions are still inadequate; the situation of "crossing ownership" and lending to "internal" and "back yard" enterprises is still complicated. The scale, level of capital safety, financial capacity and competitiveness of the credit institution system are still limited compared to other countries in the region. The progress of equitization and divestment of state capital in enterprises is slow, not reaching the target[54]. The operational efficiency of state-owned enterprises is still low, not commensurate with the resources held. Restructuring state-owned enterprises has not had a clear positive impact on economic restructuring.

Enterprises are developing slowly, lacking in quantity, weak in quality[55]. The domestic private enterprise sector is mainly small-scale, behind-the-scenes technology, low added value creation, competitiveness, operational efficiency, and limited management skills. There is a shortage of large-scale domestic private corporations and enterprises capable of leading, creating and developing production and supply networks.

2. On implementing 3 strategic breakthroughs

a) Regarding the work of perfecting and improving institutional quality

Development institutions still have factors that are not open and favorable to mobilize maximum resources to promote economic growth. The socialist-oriented market economy still lacks synchronization and is not complete to ensure a smooth and efficient market operation, and has not created a complete, comprehensive and favorable legal framework to unlock resources among the people and unleash the productive power of the economy. The thinking of law-making is more heavily about management than creating development, especially for new issues and economic models; there is still the thinking of "opening up as much as possible", "if you can't manage, then ban"[56]. Some policies and laws have not met requirements and have not kept up with the practical situation; there are still conflicts and overlaps in some legal documents; the application of laws sometimes lacks consistency. Decentralization and delegation of power are not strong, responsibilities are unclear, and there are many problems; the level of delegation of power to localities is still low. There are still many unnecessary administrative procedures; online public services improve slowly, are not convenient and smooth.

The legal system and regulations on new economic models such as sharing economy, green economy, circular economy, etc. are slow to be issued and perfected. The labor market, science and technology, securities, corporate bonds, land, and real estate still face many difficulties and problems. Market confidence of investors and businesses declined.

b) Regarding human resources, education - training, science, technology, innovation

The quality of human resources has not changed significantly; there is a lack of human resources to meet the development needs of key economic sectors, high technology, digital economy, etc. Training work is not closely and regularly linked with labor requirements and social needs. The implementation of fundamental and comprehensive innovation in education and training is not synchronous, lacks systematicity, and is still confused. There is still a shortage of schools, kindergartens and general education classes in some big cities, industrial parks and mountainous areas. A number of teachers and educational managers are still passive, afraid of innovation, and their capacity does not meet requirements. Interconnection between levels of education and learning and implementation of the policy of transferring students after secondary school are still inadequate. The quality of higher education has not met the human resource requirements for new economic and high-tech sectors. Education on ethics, lifestyle, life skills, foreign language skills[57], creativity for students has not kept up with requirements; the coordination between school, family and social education is still limited. The policy and financial mechanism for education are still inadequate; facilities, laboratories, and teaching equipment are lacking, not meeting the requirements of innovation in education and training programs.

Science and technology have not become an important driving force for industrialization and modernization of the country. The development of science, technology, and innovation is still slow and has not had any breakthroughs. National potential, scientific, technological and innovative qualifications are still far from the group of developed countries. The linkage in the national innovation system, between research institutes and universities and enterprises, is not really effective; enterprises have not really played a central role, deciding for innovation; the commercialization of research results is still slow[58]. Research and application of scientific and technological advances has not had a breakthrough, has not mastered strategic technology, core technology, and source technology. High-quality scientific and technological human resources are still lacking; the infrastructure is not yet synchronous, especially digital infrastructure is still limited; information security, safety, and data protection are still facing many challenges.

c) Regarding infrastructure development

The infrastructure system is still not synchronous and modern; the level of inter-regional connectivity is not high; logistics costs are still high compared to the region and the world. Traffic infrastructure in key economic regions and large urban areas has not kept up with development requirements. Road traffic in some mountainous areas, remote areas is still difficult. Some new expressways are invested with a scale of 2 lanes or 4 limited lanes. The coastal road is slow to be completed, especially in the Mekong Delta. The national railway system is outdated; urban railways are slow to deploy; lack of connection to seaports and multi-modal transport. Investing in some seaports that are still fragmented, unsynchronized, and modern, some have not fully exploited their capacity[59]. The potential of inland waterways in advantageous areas has not been promoted[60]. The capacity exploitation rate at many airports is low.

The urban infrastructure in big cities is still limited, leading to prolonged traffic congestion, flooding, environmental pollution... and slow handling. Infrastructure for waste and wastewater treatment in rural areas is slow to be invested. The planning and implementation of the power infrastructure development plan still has many shortcomings; some mechanisms and policies for energy development are slow to be issued; there are times when local power shortages occur. Digital infrastructure is developing slowly, 5G mobile information network implementation has not met expectations. Logistics infrastructure and warehouses have not kept up with demand. The number of standard hotels and accommodation facilities is not commensurate with the growth of tourists. Multi-purpose infrastructure serving production and preventing and fighting natural disasters has not yet met the requirements of production development and ensuring safety, especially reservoirs, dams, large dykes, fishing port systems and storm shelters for fishing vessels. Social infrastructure in many rural areas, especially mountainous areas, is still limited and does not meet basic social service requirements.

3. On regional economic development, marine and urban economy and new rural construction

Growth and economic growth quality of regions are still low compared to the set target; the potential and advantages of each region and locality have not been effectively exploited. The development space is still divided according to administrative boundaries; the regional linkage mechanism has not been put into practice to form a unified development space and effectively allocate resources in the region. There are still many institutional problems promoting regional linkages; solving inter-regional problems such as environmental pollution, connecting infrastructure... that are still difficult.

Developing marine economic sectors and using marine space is not really effective. Investment in coastal infrastructure development still lacks focus and key points, and has not focused on investing in the development of some major marine economic centers and coastal economic zones that are competitive enough in the region and internationally. General management of signs is not very effective. The link between marine economic development and social development and environmental protection in coastal areas is still limited. The natural capital sources of the ocean have not been cared for, managed, exploited, and used effectively and sustainably.

Low urbanization rate, slow urbanization rate, low quality. The urban area is mainly developed in a wide area, the level of economic concentration is still low, and is not closely linked to industrialization and modernization. The urban system is distributed and developed without connectivity in each region and between regions. The urban-rural linkage is still weak, and the spillover impact of urban areas is still limited. Urban management capacity is still weak and slow to be innovated. The mechanism, policies, and criteria for meeting new rural standards are not suitable for regions, especially mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas; maintaining sustainable meeting of standards still faces many challenges.

4. About culture and society

The mechanism and policies for cultural development still have shortcomings and lack of synchronization; the effectiveness of investment in culture is not high, not commensurate with the requirements of the task of cultural development. The degradation of ethics and culture is worrying, especially in cyberspace. Cultural works of international and regional scale have not been built. Cultural industry has not fully exploited the strengths of traditional Vietnamese ethnic culture. The effectiveness of preserving, promoting and exploiting cultural heritage values is not high. Lack of mechanisms and policies to encourage the development of sports, especially professional sports; achievements at major international competitions have not met expectations.

The local imbalance between labor supply and demand occurs in some localities and regions in some stages and times. There is still a lot of informal labor. The unemployment rate of young people is still high. Unequality in access to basic social services, market access, and employment between regions and population groups is still large. The lives of a part of the people are still difficult, especially in ethnic minority, border and island areas. The birth rate tends to decrease, lower than the replacement rate; the situation of gender imbalance at birth is still high. Basic health indicators also vary between regions. The capacity of the primary health care health system and the preventive health system has not met the requirements. The health sector's financial mechanism is slow to innovate; the implementation of the autonomy mechanism of some hospitals still faces many difficulties. Food safety assurance still has many shortcomings.

The situation of accidents, injuries to children, child abuse, and violence still occurs. Gender equality in ethnic minority and mountainous areas still has many shortcomings. Social evils occur in sophisticated and complicated forms, especially in drugs. Fighting and preventing activities to sabotage and handle bad and toxic information in cyberspace is still difficult. Information and communication management sometimes cannot keep up with the development of new types of media. Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals still faces many difficulties and challenges.

5. On resource management, environmental protection, natural disaster prevention and control, climate change adaptation

Mechanisms and policies for management, exploitation and use of natural resources are still not synchronous and have not kept up with the needs of socio-economic development. Management, exploitation, use of resources, biodiversity conservation, environmental protection and climate change response are still passive and not strictly followed. The investigation, planning, management, exploitation and use of resources still have many shortcomings; the market for land use rights and natural resource exploitation rights is not operating effectively. Circular economic models and green economic models are still spontaneous and do not meet the requirements.

Environmental pollution in industrial clusters, river basins, and craft villages has not changed much.Natural ecosystems and biodiversity continue to decline, especially the quality and biodiversity of forests.
Pollution of the marine environment in some places is still serious, marine ecosystems and marine biodiversity are degraded.The quality of natural disaster forecasting and warning is still limited; the capacity to adapt to climate change has not improved significantly.Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are still limited.

6. On the effectiveness and efficiency of state management and the prevention and combat of corruption, waste and negativity

Overcoming limitations and inadequacies in legal mechanisms and policies in many fields still faces many difficulties and challenges, especially land, public assets, finance, securities, corporate bonds, etc. The corruption and negativity situation in some fields is complicated and serious. Waste, especially waste of land, public assets, headquarters... is still quite common, causing many consequences for development.

The work of streamlining the payroll, improving the quality and restructuring the team of civil servants and public employees associated with job positions faces many difficulties and complications. The work of evaluating cadres, civil servants and public employees is not substantial and effective. Discipline and administrative discipline are sometimes not strict in some places. The situation of harassment and inconvenience to people and businesses has not been effectively prevented.

Administrative reform is still limited, digital transformation, building e-government, digital government is still slow. National databases and specialized databases are still slow to be deployed; data connection and sharing are still limited and not smooth. Many online public services are not convenient, the rate of users is not high. The organization and operation of the "one-stop" department at all levels in many places is not effective.

The situation of smuggling, trade fraud, counterfeit goods, especially food hygiene and safety, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, false advertising... is still complicated, affecting the health, rights, trust of consumers and the investment and business environment.

7. On national defense, security, and foreign affairs

a) Regarding national defense and security

Building potential, forces, national defense and security postures in some areas and areas is still limited. Social security has potential complications; religious and ethnic security, cybersecurity, economic security, foreign investment security, internal political security, and information and communication security are not solid. The mechanism for managing land use for national defense and security is still inadequate; Socio-economic development associated with strengthening and consolidating national defense and security has not really gone into depth.

The defense and security industry has not yet mastered some basic technologies, core technologies, specialized materials and some key fields such as chemicals, mechanical engineering, metal allocation, special alloy, new materials...; lacking breakthrough mechanisms, policies, and resources to promote development. High-tech crimes and cyberspace activities are on the rise. There have been many traffic accidents and fires that caused serious consequences.

b) Regarding foreign affairs

The level of participation, contribution capacity, and initiative proposal within the multilateral framework is still limited and not synchronous among the fields. Not fully exploiting and promoting the potential in some cooperation frameworks and fields.

Coordination between levels and sectors in implementing foreign affairs activities and international integration is sometimes not tight and regular. The implementation of international agreements and commitments still faces many difficulties and inadequacies. The work of researching and consulting on strategic forecasting is still not up to date with the rapid, complex and unpredictable changes of the world and regional situation.

III- CAUSES AND LESSONS LEARNED

1. Causes

There are many reasons for achieving the above results, both objective and subjective.
First of all, it is thanks to the direct, comprehensive, practical, profound and timely leadership and direction of the Party Central Committee, the Politburo, the Secretariat and the solidarity, unity, and synchronous and smooth coordination of the entire political system; along with the innovation of the content and methods of operation of the National Assembly and People's Councils at all levels; drastic, dynamic, creative, timely, effective and efficient management of the Government and authorities at all levels; the active participation of the Vietnam Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations; consensus, sympathy, support of the People, business community and the support and assistance of international friends.

In addition, it is thanks to proactiveness, correct and timely decisions, grasping the situation and practical requirements, proposing appropriate, effective, focused and key tasks and solutions; promoting decentralization and delegation of power in state management between the Government, the Prime Minister, ministries, branches and local governments in conjunction with enhancing the responsibility of the head.

The limitations and weaknesses mentioned have objective reasons: the world situation is rapidly changing, complicated, unprecedented, beyond forecasting, especially the Covid-19 pandemic, natural disasters, floods, conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, low growth in the global economy, high inflation, counterpart tax policies affecting trade and investment...

However, besides objective causes, subjective causes are still mainly:

- Development institutions, mechanisms, policies, and laws are still a long-standing bottleneck, including the thinking of law-making and courage in organizing implementation, not keeping up with development requirements, in some areas that are overlapping, stuck, unstable, and slow to overcome. Some sub-law documents create many procedures; regulations on the explanation and application of the law are not complete, causing difficulties and confusion in handling specific issues.

- Administrative procedures are still cumbersome, online public services are not convenient and smooth. Slow issuance of breakthrough mechanisms, policies, and solutions to mobilize resources and create strong momentum for development. The capacity to forecast the situation, thinking and strategic vision is still limited; the policy response of some agencies and localities is still slow and not timely.

- Coordination between ministries, branches, and localities is sometimes, some places are still formal and low-efficiency. Some enforcement officers are not yet determined and punctual, and still have a mentality of avoiding and fearing responsibility in performing public duties. Decentralization and delegation of power still have many shortcomings; the responsibility of leaders in some cases has not been fully promoted.

- Confidence of investors and businesses sometimes declines, social psychology is unstable. Social management and risk management have not kept up with reality and have not proactively prepared response plans to unexpected situations, especially at the grassroots level. People's skills to respond to natural disasters, epidemics, and fires are still low.

2. Lessons learned

(1) Continue to lead innovation, have a strategic vision, breakthrough thinking, create resources and momentum for development. Uphold the spirit of solidarity, mutual love and support; closely and smoothly coordinate the entire political system; effectively promote the strength of the People and the great national unity bloc, combined with the strength of the times.

(2) Consistent, steadfast in strategy, flexible, flexible in strategy; maintain steadfastness; assign and clearly define functions, tasks, powers, and relationships between legislative, executive, and judicial agencies; grasp the situation, make flexible, appropriate, and effective decisions to lead and direct with high determination, great efforts, drastic and effective actions; organize implementation to ensure clear people, work, progress, products, responsibilities, and authority.


For serious, complicated, unprecedented issues, it is necessary to focus on leadership, direction, democratic discussion, frankness, and making decisions appropriate to the situation.

(3) Focus on improving the quality of development institutions, meeting practical requirements, and removing development bottlenecks. Ensure consistency in understanding and applying legal regulations. Organize the implementation of the law fairly, strictly, promptly, effectively and efficiently, ensuring the rule of the Constitution and the law. Resolutely and persistently fight against corruption, waste and negativity.

(4) All policies and guidelines must come from the aspirations, legitimate interests and happiness of the people, ensuring publicity and transparency. Taking the satisfaction and trust of people and businesses as a measure of evaluating staff and work efficiency. arouse the spirit of dedication to the country, promote the will to be self-reliant, self-reliant, dare to think, dare to do, dare to innovate, be creative, resolutely act and take responsibility for the common good.

(5) Do a good job of foreign affairs, integrate, mobilize all external resources and support from the international community. Improve the quality of forecasting work, promptly summarize practices, propose appropriate and effective mechanisms, policies and solutions.

______________________

[1]. Storm No. 3 (2024) was the biggest storm in the past 30 years in the East Sea and in the past 70 years on land, causing damage of more than 80 trillion VND.

[2]. The figures in the Report are estimated to be updated until 2025 and will continue to be updated until the report is completed and submitted to the 14th Congress.

[3]. The average consumer price index (CPI) in 2021 increased by 1.84%; in 2022 increased by 3.15%; in 2023 increased by 3.25%; in 2024 increased by 3.63%; it is estimated to increase by about 4.5 - 54.0%.

[4]. In 2024, the credit rating agency Fitch Ratings ranked Vietnam's long-term national credit rating at BB+, "stable" outlook; the S&P Global Ratings ranked Vietnam's national credit rating at "BB+" in the long term and "B" in the short term, with a stable long-term outlook.

[5] If not counting 2021 due to the severe impact of Covid-19 epidemic leading to GDP growth of only 2.55%, the average GDP growth in the period of 2022 - 2025 will reach about 7.2524-2029%/year, exceeding the target set for the period of 2021 - 2025 (6.5 - 7.0%).

[6]. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Vietnam's GDP in 2025 is calculated according to purchasing power parity (PPP) of about 1,786 billion USD, ranking 25th in the world.

[7]. Increased by 5 places, surpassing the following countries: Denmark, Egypt, Nigieria, the Philippines and Indonesia.

[8]. In 2025, the World Bank's high average income threshold is expected to be about 4,600 USD/person.

[9]. The total increase in central budget revenue and expenditure savings in the period of 2021 - 2024 reached 497.76 trillion VND; of which 2021 reached 55.18 trillion VND, 2022 reached 196.22 trillion VND, 2023 reached 54.46 trillion VND, 2024 reached 191.9 trillion VND. The increase in central budget revenue is mainly focused on the following tasks: creating resources for implementing salary policy reform (198.24 trillion VND), social security expenditure (8.5 trillion VND), development investment (194.42 trillion VND)...

[10]. There have been 12/12 projects and enterprises that are behind schedule and ineffective with specific policies and orientations for handling; after having a handling plan, some projects and enterprises have made profits, reducing accumulated losses, especially 3 projects and enterprises producing fertilizers (from 2022, all 3 factories will maintain operations and make profits, providing stable fertilizers for the country and for export). Complete and put into operation many important power projects such as Song Hau 1 and Long Phu 1 thermal power plants, Thai Binh 2 thermal power plants, Van Phong 1 BOT thermal power plants, O Mon gas thermal power center...; Cat Linh - Ha Dong urban railway projects, Ben Thanh - Suoi Tien. Focus on handling banks: SCB, Ocean Bank, Construction, Global Oil and Gas, East Asia, Vietnam Development Bank... Focus on handling long-standing backlog projects in the fields of energy, real estate, land, trade, services in the spirit of Conclusion No. 77-KL/TW of the Politburo, including renewable energy projects, Facility 2 of Bach Mai Hospital, Viet Duc...

[11]. According to the report of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the proportion of the digital economy in GDP in 2025 is estimated to reach 19 - 20%.

[12].In 2024, 6 7 processing and industrial products reached export turnover of over 10 and 15 billion USD, including: Electronics, computers and components reached 72.6 billion USD; phones of all kinds and components reached 53.9 billion USD; machinery, equipment, tools, spare parts reached 52.2 billion USD; textiles and garments reached 37.0 billion USD; footwear of all kinds reached 22.9 billion USD; wood and wood products reached 16.3 billion USD; means of transportation and spare parts reached about 15.1 billion 2 USD.

[13]. In 2020, the whole country established 380 industrial parks with a land area of 117.3 thousand hectares; by July 2025, there were 478 industrial parks with a total area of about 146 thousand hectares.

[14]. Currently having 8 logistics centers, 11 dry ports and 16 cargo handling points (ICD), Vietnam currently has an LPI in the group of 25 countries with stable operations, ranked 43rd in the world in 2023 (LPI increased to 3.3 points compared to 3.27 points in 2018).

[15]. These include: rice, coffee, rubber, cashew, pepper, tea, vegetables, cassava and products from cassava, pork, meat and poultry eggs, pangasius, shrimp, wood and wood products.

[16]. Including: rice, vegetables, coffee, cashews, shrimp, wood and wood and rubber products.

[17]. By 2024, the country will have 101 cooperative unions and 21.7 thousand agricultural cooperatives with 4.15 million members, with revenue of about 2.7 billion VND/ cooperative/year, average profit reaching 450 million VND/ cooperative/year; average income of regular employees of agricultural cooperatives reaching 56 million VND/year.

[18].The total number of central budget public investment projects decreased from 11,000 in the 2016 - 2020 period to less than 5,000 in the 2021 - 2025 period.

[19]. Including: private enterprises, production households.

[20]. By 2025, the state economic sector will account for about 20% of GDP, the private economic sector will account for about 51% of GDP (of which private enterprises account for 28% of GDP, manufacturing households account for 23% of GDP), the foreign direct investment sector will account for about 21% of GDP, and product taxes minus subsidies will account for about 8% of GDP.

[21] The rate of bad debt within the group at key credit institutions is under control, as of December 31, 2024, at 4.34%.

[22] In particular, in the 9th Session of the 15th National Assembly, the amendments to the Constitution and 34 Laws were passed.

[22] In the period of 2021 - 2025, Vietnamese student Olympic delegations will participate in international and regional Olympic competitions with a 100% chance of winning prizes, including 52 Gold Medals, 57 Silver Medals, 49 Bronze Medals and many Certificates of Merit (as of September 30, 2025). In 2025, with a total of 37 contestants competing in the International Olympic competitions in Math, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Informatics, the Vietnam Olympic delegation excellently won 37/37 Medals, including 13 Gold medals, 16 Silver Medals and 08 Bronze Medals, all teams are in the Top 10 leading countries in the number of Gold Medals. Implementing Resolution No. 57-NQ/TW dated December 22, 2024 of the Politburo on breakthroughs in science, technology, innovation and national digital transformation, in 2025, Vietnam first selected the International Artificial Intelligence Olympic Team to compete in China, achieving excellent results with 03 Gold Medals, 01 Silver Medals, 03 Bronze Medals and 01 Certificate of Merit and being in the Top 4 countries and territories with the highest results in the total medal table, after the countries: Poland, Russia and Hungary.

[24]. In 2024, Vietnam will have 6 higher education institutions in the 2025 World University Rankings (QS WUR 2025); 6 schools in the 2024 Best Asian University Rankings.

[25]. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), in 2024, Vietnam's Global Innovation Index (GII) will rank 44/132 133 countries, up 4 places compared to 2022.

[26]. Vietnam - Korea Institute of Science and Technology (V-KIST), Vietnam Institute for Advanced Mathematics Research, Viettel Research and Development Institute, Vintech's Big Data Research Institute and Vin Hi-Tech High-Tech Research Institute...

[27]. According to the United Nations' 2024 E-Government Survey Report, Vietnam has risen to 71/193 countries, up 15 places compared to 2022.

[28]. Khanh Hoa - Buon Ma Thuot, Bien Hoa - Vung Tau, Chau Doc - Can Tho - Soc Trang, Ninh Binh - Hai Phong, Gia Nghia - Chon Thanh...

[29].Complete upgrading the runway, runway and taxiway at Noi Bai and Tan Son Nhat International Airports, Dien Bien Airport, Phu Bai International Airport passenger terminal; complete the construction of Tan Son Nhat International Airport's T3 terminal, expand Noi Bai International Airport's T2 terminal...

[30]. Complete the Day - Ninh Co canal and upgrade Cho Gao canal phase 2; implement a project to raise the clearance of road bridges across the national inland waterway - phase 1 (Southern area), Duong bridge clearance project...

[31]. Ring Road 4 of Hanoi Capital Region, Ring Road 3 of Ho Chi Minh City.

[32] Cat Linh - Ha Dong route, the elevated section of Nhon - Hanoi Railway Station; Ben Thanh - Suoi Tien route.

[3]. For example, Song Hau 1 power plant project, Thai Binh 2 power plant project, Van Phong 1 BOT and Nghi Son 2 BOT thermal power plant project... Remove difficulties in investment preparation for the O Mon gas power project.

[34].Some major irrigation works have been completed and promoted such as: Cai Lon - Cai Be irrigation system (Kien Giang), basically completed the Ban Mong Lake Irrigation System (Nghe An)...

[35]. Vietnam's 4G coverage reached 99.8%, higher than high-income countries (99.4%). 100% of communes and wards have fiber optic broadband infrastructure; fiber optic coverage to each household reaches 80.1%, higher than the world average (about 60%). The rate of smartphone users/celebrity phone users is estimated at 84.4%, higher than the world average (63%).

[36]. Such as the national database on population, business registration, insurance, cadres, civil servants, public employees, etc.

[37]. Data calculated by the number of provinces and communes before the merger.

[38]. According to the World Happiness Report.

[39]. According to the announcement in May 2025 of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Vietnam's Human Development Index (HDI) reached 0.766, belonging to the group of highly developed countries, ranked 93/193 countries and territories.

[40]. Up to now, 11/12 vaccines have been produced in expanded immunization.

[41]. The rate of modern medical hospitals with departments or traditional medicine groups accounts for 89.6%.

[42] Ensure that 100% of social protection beneficiaries are eligible for monthly social allowances; 100% of people affected by natural disasters, floods, and hunger receive timely emergency assistance, no people are hungry.

[4]. According to the Global Gender Distancing Report published in 2024 by the World Economic Forum.

[44]. From 2021 to September 2024, 622 social housing projects have been implemented nationwide with a scale of 565,177 units, of which: (i) Number of completed projects: 79 projects with a scale of 42,414 units. (ii) Number of projects that have started construction: 131 projects with a scale of 111,687 units. (iii) Number of projects approved for investment policy: 412 projects with a scale of 411,076 units. A credit package of VND120 trillion has been implemented to lend social housing, workers' housing, renovate and rebuild old apartments and deploy support capital for individual customers through the Social Policy Bank.

[45]. Forestry work has been actively implemented, with an average annual planting of more than 280 thousand hectares of concentrated forests (including new planting and replanting after exploitation), of which 95% is production forest. To date, the area of planted forest has reached 4.74 million hectares; the forest cover rate has reached 42.03%.

[46]. 100% of ministries, ministerial-level agencies, and People's Committees of provinces and centrally run cities deploy and maintain a 4-layer network information security model. Currently, basic network information security services are being popularised through the use of Make in Vietnam platforms.

[47]. As of September 2022, Vietnam has received a total of more than 258 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine, of which the aid source reached nearly 120 million doses, accounting for nearly 50% of the vaccines received, saving the state budget more than 900 million USD. Vietnam is the country with the 4th highest vaccination number, vaccination rate and coverage rate in the world.

[48]. Such as ASEAN, the United Nations, the Mekong Subregion, APEC, AIPA, IPU, OECD, G20...

[49]. On average, the 5 years 2021 - 2025 will reach about 6.3%/year, while the target is 6.5 - 7.0%/year.

[50]. Vietnam's PPP labor productivity (2021) in 2023 and 2024 is only equal to 11.26% of Xingapo's productivity; 27% of South Korea; 28.630.6% of Japan; 36.237.5% of Malaixia; 64.666.9% of Thailand; 57.356.8% of China; 84.887.2% of Indonesia and 104.9% 1.1 times higher than the Philippines.

[5]. Non-state investment capital at the comparison price in 2010 for the period 2021 - 2024 increased by an average of 3.91%/year, only equal to nearly 1/3 of the increase in the period 2015 - 2019 (13.4%).

[52] The export proportion of the foreign direct investment sector in total export turnover in 2020 was 72.3% and increased to 73% in 2023; in 2024 it will be 71.7%.

[5]. Including: plant varieties, livestock, agricultural materials, fertilizers, etc.

[54].Plan in Decision No. 1479/QD-TTg, dated November 29, 2022 of the Prime Minister: Ectificate 19 enterprises, rearrange 26 enterprises, of which 21 are arranged according to separate plans; divest 141 enterprises.

[55]. In 2023-2024, the number of enterprises operating at December 31 will be about more than 940910 thousand enterprises (the target by 2025 is to have more than 1.5 million enterprises), the private sector will contribute about 50% of GDP (the target by 2025 is 55%).

[56]. According to the World Economic Free Trade Index Report published in October 2024 ( Fraser County, Canada), Vietnam ranked 99/165 countries and territories. Meanwhile, Xingapo ranked 2nd, Malaixia 29th, the Philippines and Indonesia 59th, Thailand 65th.

[57].According to a report by Education First (November 2024), Vietnamese English proficiency is ranked 63/116 countries and territories, down 5 places compared to 2023.

[58]. Difficulties in assigning the right to use or own assets formed from scientific and technological tasks using the state budget; problems in evaluating research results and intellectual property as the results of science and technology tasks using the state budget; problems in dividing profits earned from commercializing research results and intellectual property generated from science and technology tasks using the state budget; problems in establishing start-up businesses based on research of public service units; problems in the mechanism of contributing capital and organizing activities of technology-based start-up businesses (spin-offs) from research institutes and universities.

[59]. Some ports have been built for a long time, on a small scale, with outdated and low-capacity loading and unloading machinery; seaports are mostly located on rivers inland, with shipping lanes connecting to ports with relatively limited depth, requiring annual dredging and maintenance, and exploitation of 1 lane.

[60]. For example, in the Mekong Delta, the Red River Delta.

[61] This is a strategic target for 2021-2030, and will be assessed for the 2026-2030 period.

[62] Due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.