Draft Report Summarizing a number of theoretical and practical issues of the socialist-oriented innovation in Vietnam over the past 40 years

INTRODUCTION

The comprehensive renovation of the country was initiated and led by our Party, starting from the 6th National Congress (1986) to the 14th National Congress (2026). The summary of some theoretical and practical issues over the past 40 years of renovation is of great significance in many aspects, especially contributing to the development of the Party's theoretical awareness, to the completion of the theory of the Party's innovation guidelines, as the late General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong gave a speech directing: "By 2025, on the basis of summarizing 40 years of implementing the renovation process, 50 years of national reunification, it is necessary to basically perfect the theoretical system on the renovation guidelines; by 2030, on the basis of summarizing 40 years of implementing the National University of Vietnam's period of transition to socialism, summarizing 100 years of the Party's revolutionary leadership, can supplement and develop the Guarantee, meeting the requirements of the new period; supplement, enrich and make a step to improve the Party's ideology and foundation; by 2045, we will have a high level of socialism and the Vietnam's education and science to develop the country's progress".

On the basis of inheriting, supplementing and promoting the achievements of previous summaries[2], this summary, under the direction of the Politburo, focuses on eight contents, specifically: (1) The world, regional and domestic context affecting Vietnam over 40 years of renovation and the development of our Party's awareness of the renovation line; (2) Issues on socialism and the Vietnamese socialist model over 40 years of renovation; (3) Developing a socialist-oriented market economy; (4) Developing culture, managing social development and building people; (5) Issues on national defense, security, foreign affairs; (6) Issues of building and rectifying the Party and the political system to be clean and strong; (7) Assessing the general theories and practices of the past 40 years of renovation and the issues in the new period; (3) Proposing to develop a new, strong and strong national development, management and development in the new period, (4) Proposing to develop and strengthen the country's development and protection of the country.

The purpose of the summary is to contribute to supplementing and perfecting the theory on the Party's innovation guidelines; at the same time, actively, proactively and practically preparing for the development of the 14th National Party Congress Documents. For that purpose, the Summary Report is structured into the following 5 items:

I. The context of the world, the region and the country has affected the innovation process over the past 40 years.

II. The development of the Party's theoretical awareness over 40 years of renovation.

III. Achievements and limitations in the practice of building Vietnamese socialism.

IV. Overall, the problem is raised and the lesson is learned.

V. Forecast the situation, propose viewpoints and solutions to continue to comprehensively and synchronously promote the cause of innovation, construction and development of the country and national defense in the new period.

I. WORLD, REGIONAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT IMPACT ON THE INNOVATION PROCESS OVER THE LAST 40 YEARS

1.1. WORLD AND REGIONAL CONTEXT

In the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, the real socialist system in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe fell into crisis and collapse, the Cold War ended, the world shifted from the "biliteral" situation to the "superpowerful, multi-powerful" situation, marking an important turning point in international relations, profoundly changing the world's geopolitical context and giving rise to a series of social problems, ethnic and religious movements, especially notably the emergence of extreme Islamism and national and ethnic division in many regions of the world.

Strong globalization and regionalism play an important role in promoting world economic growth, racializing labor assignments globally and facilitating the industrialization process in many developing and developing countries. However, in addition to positive impacts, globalization also causes negative consequences for the world economy in particular and international relations in general. globalization has made the shortcomings of the world economic order dominated by the US and the West increasingly revealed.

Under the impact of new advances in science and technology, the world economy has shifted strongly to the knowledge economy. Accordingly, new achievements in science and technology are applied to optimize production, management and consumption processes. In the knowledge economy, the most important development resource is knowledge, human resources with the ability to be creative and adapt to high technology. Many economies, especially emerging economies such as China, are gradually transforming their development models, taking technological innovation as a driving force for development.

The Asia-Pacific region has emerged to become an important region of the world, both economically and politically - security. Since the 2008 crisis, the Asia-Pacific region has led the world in regional economic linkages with increasingly close levels, increasingly diverse forms and levels. One of the outstanding trends in the economic linkage of the Asia-Pacific region is the emergence and explosion of a series of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements (FTAs). Regional political and security cooperation is expanding.

ASEAN strengthens linkages, promotes dialogue, finds peaceful solutions to regional issues and increasingly strives to promote its central role in the regional structure.

After the collapse of the socialist model in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the international communist movement went through a difficult period. However, in recent years, this movement has gradually recovered and has had positive movements. The communist party in some countries still maintains its activities and plays a leading role in political and social life, such as: the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of Cuba... Many left-wing parties in Europe, Latin America and other regions have achieved remarkable achievements in promoting social policies, protecting the rights of workers and vulnerable groups.

In that context, the world situation creates fundamental advantages for common development, including Vietnam in some of the following aspects:

- Peace, cooperation and development are still the major trends and common aspirations of the people for progress around the world. This is the basis for expanding cooperation and development.

- The world situation changes according to the trend of multipolarity, multi-center, multi-level stairs. The relationship of economic strength between countries and regions is changing a lot. Most countries in the world have restructured their economies, promoted the development of science, technology and innovation, modernized national governance, promoted the common development of the region, the world and Vietnam.

- The Fourth Industrial Revolution is deeply affecting all areas of social life globally, promoting the emergence of many new economic forms. In particular, recently, along with many new transformation processes, breakthrough products such as artificial intelligence (AI), 5G network with digital economic characteristics, digital transformation, energy conversion, green and circular development transformation, etc. have appeared many new-generation FTAs with extensive, substantial and comprehensive commitments, including areas considered "uncommercial" such as: labor, environment, state-owned enterprises, government procurement, transparency, investment dispute resolution mechanisms, etc., promoting countries to participate in the process of deeper and more substantial economic integration and cooperation.

- Asia - Pacific, including Southeast Asia, continues to be a dynamic development center, with an increasingly important geoeconomic - political and strategic position. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) continues to promote its important role in promoting economic growth, social progress, cultural development, enhancing mutual understanding and trust, comprehensive and increasingly close cooperation.

In addition to advantages, the international situation is also intertwined with many new difficulties and challenges:

- The world's political, economic and security environment is constantly unstable, complicated, rapid and unpredictable. Issues such as trade disputes, territorial conflicts and gender differences have contributed to a complex and often unstable global geopolitical context. Injuries to national sovereignty, territorial and resource disputes, ethnic and religious conflicts, coup d'etat interventions, terrorism, local wars, cyber warfare and non-traditional security challenges are taking place fiercely in many areas with many new characteristics.

- The situation of gathering forces, linking, and competing for strategic interests between countries, especially large countries, is complicated, both bringing opportunities and placing other countries, especially small and medium-sized countries, in the face of many difficulties and challenges. The manifestations of extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, practicalism, protectionism, and populationalism are increasingly emerging in international relations.

- Global issues such as financial security, energy security, water security, food security, climate change, natural disasters, epidemics... have many complicated developments. The international community faces increasingly complex traditional and non-traditional security challenges, especially international terrorism, cybersecurity and new forms of war.

- The world is falling into a state of multi-crisis. Competition between major countries in geopolitics, geopolitics, geoeconomics, competitions for strategic resources, high technology, and high-quality human resources is increasingly fierce. Macroeconomic instability, super inflation, financial, monetary and public debt crises, and disruptions in the global supply chain continue to cause adverse effects on the world economy and politics.

- The appearance of weapons, combat technology, and modern military technical equipment has fundamentally changed the organization of the army, the form and method of conducting war, and external intervention. Along with combat environments on land, in the air, at sea, in space, cyberspace warfare has become the fifth environment, with the emergence of cyber warfare, deeply affecting the national defense and security of the world, the region and each country - nation.

- Regional wars and conflicts affect all aspects of international relations from military to politics, economics and society; accelerate the current erosion of world order, causing deep division and cracks among major countries, deeply affecting regional and global security; at the same time, they aggravate non-traditional security issues such as food security, energy security, human security and migration crises. In particular, these conflicts have set a worrying precedent for international law, strongly affecting international order and the global governance system. The position of the United Nations and international law is challenged and degraded. Organizations and fundamental laws in the international system have failed to prevent and effectively handle large-scale conflicts. At the same time, these conflicts also show the emergence of new forms of war, mixed-use warfare in the high-tech era. In the future, the results and settlement of conflicts will significantly affect major trends and the formation of a new international order.

- The Asia - Pacific - Indian Ocean region, including Southeast Asia, is still where major countries increase competition and influence, gather forces, and have many potential unstable factors, both traditional and non-traditional. territorial sovereignty disputes are complicated, prone to collisions and conflicts, threatening the stability, peace and development of the region; the risk of instability and arms race increases.

- Political relations between countries in the region, especially the superpowers, still contain many conflicts that can lead to war such as border and territorial disputes on land and at sea, especially disputes over seas and islands in the East Sea and the East China Sea, and tensions on the Korean peninsula. The internal situation of many countries is complicated, the emergence of nationalism factors affects the internal and foreign policies of many countries. The region has many defense and security cooperation structures, but lacks an effective mechanism to prevent and handle security challenges, disputes and conflicts.

1.2. DOMESTIC CONTEXT

Before the renovation, Vietnam was a poor country, heavily devastated by war. In the late 70s and early 80s of the 20th century, the socio-economic crisis became severe. During the 10 years after the country's reunification (1975-1985), Vietnam's per capita income only fluctuated from 125 to 200 USD/year and was ranked in the group of 20 poorest countries in the world, with the inflation rate in December 1986 up to 774.7%. One of the reasons for that situation was clearly pointed out at the 6th National Party Congress as due to serious mistakes in policies, guidelines, strategic direction and implementation organization, especially the subjective will, outdated theoretical awareness and weakness in applying laws during the transition period to social housing in our country.

In the first 10 years of renovation (1986-1995) under the conditions of encroachment and embargo, the country has emerged from the socio-economic crisis, overcome difficulties from the issue of Cambodia, normalize relations with China and the US, international organizations and countries in Southeast Asia, join ASEAN, basically complete the tasks of the first stage of the transition period, moving to the period of promoting industrialization and modernization of the country. Our country's economy has overcome stagnation and recession; achieved a fairly high, continuous and relatively comprehensive growth rate.

In the next 10 years (1996-2005), the country's situation will be basically stable; difficulties and challenges will gradually be overcome. The combined position and strength of the country has increased. The internal accumulation of the economy has increased from insignificance to 27% of GDP by 2000. From the serious shortage of goods, production has met the essential needs of the people and the economy, increased exports and had reserves. Economic and social infrastructure develops rapidly. The economic structure has had a positive shift. Production relations have been innovated to better suit the development level of productive forces and promote the formation of a socialist-oriented market economy.

In 10 years (2006-201), our country has officially become a developing country with low average income, stable politics and society, and guaranteed social security. The economy achieved a fairly good growth rate, overcoming the adverse impacts of the financial crisis, the global economic recession and developing relatively comprehensively. The economic growth rate in the first 30 years of innovation is an average of nearly 7%/year, of which 7 years are over 8% and 2 years are over 9%. In the period 1991-2016, the export value increased by 60.38 times, imports increased by 80.41 times. The economic structure continues to shift towards industrialization and modernization. Some products have become competitive in the international market. The socialist-oriented market economic institution was initially built. Culture and society have progressed in many aspects. The construction of the Socialist Republic rule of law state has progressed in all three fields of legislative, executive and judicial affairs. Also during this period, our country promoted comprehensive integration: Vietnam hosted APEC (2006), joined the World Trade Organization - WTO (2007)), successfully held the position of non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (term 2008-2009), and held the year of ASEAN Chairmanship (2010).

In the past 10 years (2016-2025), the country's economy has had positive and comprehensive changes in many fields. The macro economy is stable, inflation is always controlled at a low level; major balances of the economy are guaranteed; public debt decreases, bad debt is controlled. Despite being affected by many unfavorable fluctuations from the international environment, the average GDP growth rate in the period 2016-2025 will reach about 6.2%/year. The size of the economy and per capita income have nearly doubled, reaching over 510 billion USD and over 5,000 USD/person, respectively. Growth quality has improved, labor productivity has increased from 4.3%/year in 2011-2015 to about 6%/year in 2016-2020. People's lives have been improved fundamentally and comprehensively. The overseas Vietnamese community is growing (6 million people in 130 countries and territories), with a spirit of return to their homeland and making an increasingly active contribution to the cause of national construction and development.

The socialist-oriented market economic institution is increasingly being fully improved. International economic integration develops deeply and widely at many levels, diverse in forms. The economic structure continues to shift towards a more positive trend, reducing the proportion of the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector, increasing the proportion of the industrial, construction and service sector. The economy has gradually recovered and regained growth momentum after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The revolution of streamlining the organization of the political system, building a 3-level government, reorganizing development space has been carried out; implementing strategic decisions to make breakthroughs in the country's development in the new era - the era of national growth.

Firmly protect the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland, maintain political security, social order and safety, and stability for national development. Implement the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, diversification, multilateralization, bring foreign relations into depth, improve the quality and efficiency of international integration.

Looking back on 40 years of renovation, under the leadership of the Party, our country has achieved great achievements of historical significance. The economy maintains a relatively fast growth rate, becoming a country with an average income development. Cultural and social fields have made much progress, people's lives have been improved fundamentally and comprehensively. National defense, security, order and social safety are guaranteed, the potential of the national defense is built quite comprehensively. The leadership role and prestige of the Party continue to be enhanced, strengthening the people's trust in the Party and the socialist regime. Vietnam has proactively and actively promoted foreign affairs and international integration to become increasingly deeper, more extensive and comprehensive; actively participated in the efforts of the international community in solving global issues, being a prestigious and responsible member, promoting an active role in regional and international institutions.

However, in the past 40 years, Vietnam has also encountered many difficulties and major challenges:

- The four risks that our Party has pointed out still exist, and are gradually overcome, but are even more severe. The economy is still at risk of falling behind, the possibility of falling into the middle-income trap is still high, the average growth rate is gradually decreasing through congresses, unsustainable development; labor productivity, quality, efficiency, competitiveness are still low, the level of science and technology and high-quality human resources are still limited.

- Resilience and strategic autonomy of the weak economy. The ever- expanding international integration process means that Vietnam's economy faces the challenge of being directly and rapidly affected by external fluctuations, by fluctuations in regional and world markets such as prices, interest rates, exchange rates of currencies, changes in international commodity flows, finance, investment and more seriously, being affected and affected very quickly by shocks, economic and financial crises in the region and the world.

- Peace, cooperation, development, globalization and international integration are still the major trends, but the world is increasingly unstable, conflicts are increasing, strategic competition between major countries is increasingly fierce and direct..., causing serious impacts on the globalization process, reducing healthy competitiveness in global trade, causing damage to global economic growth, the role of multilateral institutions is declining, affecting the Vietnamese economy in many aspects.

- The development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is posing new issues for production, trade and social security. In addition, the negative side of the digital economy, digital society, changes in communication methods on the Internet also put people at many financial and health risks. Factors that were once considered advantages include: Young manual labor force, low cost will no longer be an advantage for Vietnam.

- National defense and security always face many risks and challenges in protecting the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland; in maintaining political and social stability, protecting the Party, State, People and the socialist regime, developing a socialist-oriented market economy, culture and people of Vietnam. Non-traditional security issues, such as: human security, terrorism, transnational organized crime, high-tech crimes, illegal migration, environmental disasters, climate change, epidemics, natural disasters, ... are frequent challenges for Vietnam's social housing construction.

The development context in the past 40 years has been very complicated with rapid changes, causing many difficulties and challenges, but also creating conditions and opportunities for us to innovate, adapt to the situation, and promote the cause of national construction and development. Through the congresses, our Party has focused on summarizing the theory and practice of the process of innovation, opening up, and integrating internationally, assessing, analyzing and forecasting the basic situation in accordance with the main trends of the world and regional situation, creating a basis for determining guidelines, policies and decisions for national development. Resolutely pursuing the goal of national independence and socialism, with revolutionary and scientific courage, on the basis of applying and creatively developing Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology, our Party promptly grasps the changes in the situation and handles them flexibly and adapting to unusual fluctuations, taking advantage of opportunities, overcoming challenges, leading the people to build and develop the country, achieving great achievements of historical significance.

II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARTY'S THEORETICAL AWARENESS THROUGH 40 YEARS OF INNOVATION

2.1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AWARENESS ABOUT SOCIALISM AND THE ROAD TO SOCIALISM IN VIETNAM

2.1.1. The development of theoretical awareness of national independence associated with socialism continues to raise the ideological and theoretical flag "National independence and socialism"

Right from the beginning of our Party's birth, our Party has affirmed national independence and socialism as the goal and ideal of our Party and people; going up to socialism is an inevitable path of the Vietnamese revolution. National independence associated with socialism is a basic ideology and guideline, a continuous red thread of the Vietnamese Revolution and also a key point in President Ho Chi Minh's ideology. The national independence guidelines associated with socialism have been continuously supplemented and developed by our Party throughout the Party's leadership process. That is the endless revolutionary ideology, always firmly grasping the goal of national independence and socialism, the revolutionary strategic ideology of our Party.

The 6th National Party Congress, in the context of many complicated developments in the world and in the country, has set out a comprehensive, profound and thorough innovation road, marking a turning point in our country's revolutionary cause on the path to socialism and our Party is still steadfast, holding firm the flag of "national independence and socialism"; affirming the unity and inseparability of the two strategic tasks of the Vietnamese revolution, which are building socialism and protecting the Fatherland of Vietnam: "The entire Party, the entire people and the entire army are united in one heart, determined to continue to do their best to successfully carry out the two strategic tasks of successfully building socialism and firmly defending the Socialist Fatherland of Vietnam, while actively contributing to the common struggle of the people of the world for peace, national independence, socialism and socialism".

In the Cordential Education for the State in the Transitional period to Social Policies approved at the 7th National Party Congress in 1991 (Cordential Education in 1991), our Party consistently affirmed: "Sto firmly hold the national independence flag and socialism. That is a lesson throughout the revolutionary process of our country. Determining this as the task of the entire Party and people: "The entire Party and people continue to hold the national independence flag and socialism, the glorious flag that President Ho Chi Minh has passed on to today's generation and future generations". The relationship of evidence between national independence and socialism is clearly defined: "national independence is a prerequisite for implementing socialism and socialism is a solid foundation for national independence". National independence is the premise and basic condition for building socialism; building socialism creates an increasingly solid foundation for national independence, a true and complete national independence, ensuring the country overcomes poverty, backwardness, and rises to become increasingly rich, democratic, civilized, fair and equal.

The 8th and 9th Congresses continue to affirm that building social housing is the top priority task, protecting the Fatherland is a regular and important task, considering them two strategic tasks closely linked together. The 10th Congress assessed that our country has made progress, however, the world situation still has complicated and unpredictable developments. The lesson learned by the Congress is: "In the process of innovation, we must be steadfast in the goal of national independence and socialism on the foundation of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology". The 10th National Congress emphasized the connection of national defense and security with socio-economic development and the relationship between national independence and socialism: "Combining socio-economic with national defense and security according to the motto of socio-economic development is the foundation for protecting the Fatherland; political stability, strengthening national defense and security are conditions for socio-economic development".

The 11th National Party Congress continues to consistently affirm: Moving to socialism is the aspiration of our people, the right choice of the Communist Party of Vietnam and President Ho Chi Minh, in line with the development trend of history. In any conditions and situations, we must persistently implement the guidelines and goals of innovation, be steadfast and creatively apply them, develop Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's ideology, and be steadfast in the goals of national independence and socialism.

At the 12th Congress, our Party emphasized: "Continuing to strongly innovate creative thinking, develop Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's ideology, steadfastly pursue the goal of national independence and socialism"; "Confirming Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's ideology, applying creativity and development in accordance with Vietnamese reality; steadfastly pursuing the goal of national independence and socialism; steadfastly following the renovation line". Determining the goal of national independence and socialism is to continue to be loyal to the path and goal that President Ho Chi Minh, our Party and people have chosen and concretized that goal in real life.

The 13th National Party Congress has inherited, supplemented and developed the Party's guidelines and viewpoints through the Congresses, continuing to steadfastly uphold the flag of "national independence and socialism", considering it a " issue of principle, of vital significance to our regime, a solid foundation of our Party, not allowing anyone to bow or waver". National independence associated with socialism is a core, consistent content in the documents of the 13th National Party Congress, from determining general goals to specific goals, guiding viewpoints, key tasks and orientations for national development. Thanks to steadfastness and constant creativity, innovation in socialist awareness, maintaining the flag of "National independence and socialism", the renovation process has achieved many great achievements of historical significance, "Our country has never had such a foundation, potential, position and international prestige as today". That is evidence to affirm the correctness of creatively resolving the relationship between national independence and socialism in Vietnam.

2.1.2. Regarding development goals

The 6th National Party Congress affirmed that our country is in the first stage of the transition period to socialism, it is necessary to continue to build necessary premises for promoting industrialization, implementing economic policy innovation associated with social policy innovation; resolutely resolutely eliminating the mechanism of concentrating bureaucracy, subsidization, and building a new management mechanism. The first Congress clearly identified the general goal of the first stage as: "stabilizing all aspects of the socio-economic situation, continuing to build necessary premises for promoting industrialization of socialism in the next stage".

In the 1991 Outline adopted at the 7th National Party Congress, our Party has determined: "The general goal to achieve by the end of the transitional period is to basically complete the construction of the economic foundations of socialism, with a superior architecture of appropriate politics, ideology and culture, making our country a prosperous socialist country".

The 8th National Congress, based on the country's position and strength, has made clear changes in quality, setting the goal of "promoting industrialization and modernization of the country"; "From now until 2020, strive to make our country basically an industrialized country". The 10th National Congress affirmed the improvement of the Party's leadership capacity and fighting strength; promoting the strength of the entire nation, comprehensively promoting the renovation process, and soon bringing our country out of the state of underdevelopment.

In the felt of building a country in the transitional period to socialism (supplemented and developed in 2011) ( felt of 2011) approved at the 11th National Party Congress, the goal by mid-centuryuryury 21 was determined: "all of our Party and people must strive to build our country into a modern industrialized country, in the direction of socialism" and the general goal when the end of the transitional period in our country is more accurate is: "to build a fundamental economic foundation of socialism with a suitable superlacial architecture of politics, ideology, and culture, creating a foundation for our country to become an increasingly prosperous and happy socialist country". The 11th National Congress also identified the goal: "Strive to make our country a basic industrial country in a modern direction by 2020" and added and perfected the innovation target system "Socialist society that our people builds to be a society: Rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization".

The 12th National Party Congress determined that by 2020, our country will not be able to achieve the goal of becoming a basically industrialized country in a modern direction and set a goal of soon making our country a basically industrialized country in a modern direction. The Central Resolutions 5, 7, and 8, term XII, determine: Strive to become a modern industrial country by 2030 and a modern industrial country by 2045 according to the socialist orientation. The 13th National Congress continues to supplement and specify more clearly, which is: "Strive to become a developed country by the middle of the 21st century, our country will become a developed country, following the socialist orientation".

2.1.3. About the characteristics of Vietnamese socialism

The 6th National Party Congress is the National Comprehensive Innovation Congress, marking an important change in the Party's thinking about social housing, on the path to social housing in Vietnam, and giving new ideas about the path and direction of social housing construction. The highlight of the 6th Congress is in renewing awareness of socialism, the Congress focuses on economic innovation, restoring and developing a multi-component commodity economy, developing productive forces in parallel with building and strengthening socialist production relations.

The 7th National Party Congress approved the 1991 Conference of Sectors to identify 6 characteristics of socialism in Vietnam: (1) piloted by the working people; (2) Having a highly developed economy based on modern productive forces and a cooperative regime for mainly productive materials; (3) Having an advanced culture, imbued with national identity; (4) People are liberated from oppression, exploitation, injustice, working according to their abilities, enjoying labor, having a prosperous, free, happy life, and conditions for comprehensive personal development; (5) Ethnic groups in the country are equal, united and help each other with progress; (6) Having a friendly and cooperative relationship with people from all countries around the world.

At the 11th Congress, the characteristics of the Vietnam Social Policy in Vietnam were supplemented and developed compared to the 1991 Guidelines and previous congresses, pointing out 8 characteristics of the social policy society that our people have built, both bearing the values, aspirations and aspirations of the Vietnamese people, and bearing the universal value of humanity and the vision of the times, which is: (1) The rich people, the country is strong, democratic, fair and civilized; (2) The people are the masters; (3) The economy is highly developed based on modern productive forces and appropriate progressive production relations; (4) There is an advanced culture, imbued with national identity; (5) People have a prosperous, free, happy life, and comprehensive development conditions; (6) Ethnic groups in the Vietnamese community are equal, united, respectful and help each other; (7) The State has the right to develop the people, the State has the right to cooperate with the Party and the State; (7) There is a cooperative relationship between the Party and the people of the whole world. Thus, the 2011 platform has developed and perfected some characteristics and added 2 new characteristics: "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization" and "there is a socialist rule-of-law state of the people, by the people, for the people led by the Communist Party". The characteristic of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization" shows the general goal system of the innovation process in our country. These are the universal progress values of humanity and the development aspirations of countries and peoples, the goal of our nation. The 2011 platform also promotes socialist democracy, identifying this as the foundation of a socialist society, a condition to completely free people from all oppression and injustice to create a more progressive and better society. Compared to the 1991 platform, the 2011 platform also supplements and develops the economic characteristics of the Vietnam Social Policy model: Having a highly developed economy based on modern productive forces and appropriate progressive production relations; instead of focusing on ensuring publicity regimes on mainly production materials... The 2011 platform also emphasizes the issue of human development, with a general term: People have a prosperous, free, happy life, and have conditions for comprehensive development.

The 12th Congress summarized: The great and historic achievements over 30 years of theoretical innovation, including the awareness of the social housing model in Vietnam, have "created an important premise and foundation for our country to continue to innovate and develop strongly in the coming years". The Congress affirmed that our Party's innovation guidelines are correct and creative; our country's path to socialism is in line with Vietnam's reality and the development trend of history.

The 13th National Party Congress has made a general assessment: Looking back at 35 years of implementing the renovation process, 30 years of implementing the National Construction Area in the transitional period to social housing, the theory on the road to innovation, social housing and the path to social housing in our country has been increasingly clearly defined and gradually realized. Goals, characteristics, basic directions and major legal relationships in the process of building socialism and defending the Fatherland continue to be supplemented, concretized, and developed with important awareness.

Thus, through a long process of exploring, summarizing and developing basic and comprehensive theoretical issues on socialism and the path to socialism, our Party has formed a general awareness of the 8 characteristics of a socialist society in building the Vietnam Socialism model as in the 2011 platform and our Party has also had a deeper awareness of the content of each characteristic and the unified relationship between characteristics.

2.1.4. On basic directions for building Vietnamese socialism

In the context of the Eastern European Socialist Republic falling into crisis and leading to collapse and socialist poverty in the Soviet Union facing serious challenges, the 7th National Party Congress proposed 7 directions for building a socialist poverty: (1) Building a socialist and socialist state of the people, by the people and for the people; (2) Developing the country's productive and industrialized forces in a modern direction associated with the development of a comprehensive agriculture; (3) Coordinating with the development of productive forces, establishing production relations from low to high, diverse in forms of ownership; (4) Conducting a socialist revolution in the fields of culture and ideology; (5) Implementing the great national unity policy; (6) Building socialist poverty and defending the Fatherland are two strategic tasks of the Vietnamese revolution; (7) Building a clean and strong Party in the South.

Next, the 11th National Party Congress adjusted, supplemented and developed into 8 basic directions for building Vietnam's socialist economy, including: (1) Promoting industrialization and modernization of the country in conjunction with developing the knowledge economy, protecting resources and the environment; (2) Developing a socialist-oriented market economy; (3) Building an advanced culture, imbued with national identity; building people, improving people's lives, implementing progress and social justice; (4) Ensuring national defense and security, social order and safety; (5) Implementing the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, friendship, cooperation and development; proactively and actively integrating into the international community; (6) Building a socialist democracy, implementing national unity and strengthening national unity; building a strong national defense and social order and fairness; (4) Building a strong national defense and security, social order and safety; (5) Implementing the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, friendship, cooperation and development; proactively and actively integrating the national unity and national unity; (6) Building a strong national defense and social order and social order in the Party.

The above eight basic directions both inherit the core contents of the seven basic directions presented in the 1991 guidelines, and adjust and supplement new perceptions of industrialization (manpower), modernization (manpower); a socialist-oriented market economy; on protecting resources, environment and responding to climate change; developing culture, building people, implementing progress and social justice; linking socialist-led construction with protecting the socialist Fatherland; combining internal resources with external resources, proactively and actively integrating into international relations; building socialist democracy and great national unity; building a socialist rule-of-law state; building a Party and the political system, enhancing the Party's leadership role and ruling capacity. This is an important step forward in the Party's theoretical awareness of the content and basic direction of building Vietnam Social Policy from the 6th Congress to the 13th Congress. In particular, each direction is determined to be the exploration, summarization of practice, constantly innovating, supplementing, developing, and creatively applying the ideological foundation and theoretical thinking of our Party through each Congress, crystallizing the collective intelligence of our Party and People.

2.1.5. About major relationships in the process of building Vietnamese socialism

Socialism as a regime - a body composed of many factors and relationships that create a system and structure, in which the components are both unified and interact and promote each other. That process of struggle reflects the nature and nature of the connection that of course dominates the existence, movement and development of innovation, of the path to socialism in Vietnam - that is to resolve major relationships.

The 2011 dispatch mentioned major relationships for the first time as a systematic whole, when determining that special attention should be paid to grasping and resolving major relationships well. The 2011 platform officially reused the term "big relationship", meaning that these are not only basic relationships in the economic field as in the 1964-1975 period, but the scope of the "big relationship" has been expanded to many other fields; there is inheritance and development from the country's leadership practice after 25 years of renovation; marking a breakthrough in the Party's theoretical thinking on basic, key, comprehensive, and defensive relationships, reflecting the development laws in the process of promoting industrialization, modernization of the country and increasingly extensive and comprehensive international integration3.

The 2011 guidelines clearly identify 8 major relationships: (1) the relationship between innovation, stability and development; (2) Between economic innovation and political innovation; (3) Between market economy and socialist orientation; (4) Between developing productive forces and building and gradually perfecting socialist production relations; (5) Between economic growth and cultural development, implementing progress and social justice; (6) Between building socialism and protecting the socialist Fatherland; (7) Between independence, self-reliance and international integration; (8) Between Party leadership, State management, people's mastery;...
The guidelines also emphasize that in grasping and resolving those relationships, there is no " blend, extreme, and will-ness".The identification of the above eight major relationships marks a new step forward in our Party's theoretical thinking on socialism and building socialism in Vietnam.Those eight major relationships are closely linked to the goal system of innovation: "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization".Solving eight major relationships well is the condition and method to ensure the implementation of innovation goals, bringing the cause of innovation in the direction of socialism in our country to success.

The 12th National Party Congress pointed out more clearly the significance of major relationships, which are relationships that "rifle the laws of innovation and development in our country". The 12th National Party Congress adjusted the relationship "between market economy and socialist orientation" into a relationship "between complying with market rules and ensuring socialist orientation". At the same time, from eight major relationships to nine major relationships when adding the relationship "between the State and the market", this relationship was later more fully identified by the Resolution of the 5th Central Conference, 12th tenure (adding the third element of "social") as a relationship between the State, the market and society.

The 13th National Party Congress pointed out major relationships: "reflecting remedial laws, core issues on the Party's innovation guidelines" and continued to have new perceptions and additions to major relationships. That is to adjust the order of the relationship "between innovation, stability and development" to "between stability, innovation and development"; add environmental elements in the relationship "between economic growth and cultural development, implementing progress and social justice", to "between economic growth and cultural development, implementing progress, social justice, environmental protection"; adjust the relationship "between building socialism and protecting the Socialist Fatherland", to "between building and protecting the Socialist Fatherland". In particular, the 13th Congress added a great connection between democratic practice and strengthening the rule of law, ensuring social discipline. With the adjustments of the 13th Congress, a network of ten major relationships with the rule of innovation and development in Vietnam will be formed.

Thus, our Party has made adjustments and new additions to each relationship in a strict and complete manner, turning into 10 major relationships that need to be resolved in the process of innovation and building socialism in Vietnam, including: (1) The relationship between stability, innovation and development; (2) Between economic innovation and political innovation; (3) Between complying with market rules and ensuring socialist orientation; (4) Between developing productive forces and building and gradually perfecting socialist production relations; (5) Between the State, the market and society; (6) Between economic growth and cultural development, realizing progress, social justice, and environmental protection; (7) Between building and protecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; (8) Between independence, autonomy and international integration; (9) Between Party leadership, State management, and people's ownership; (10) Between practicing democracy and strengthening the rule of law, ensuring social discipline.

The 13th National Congress also emphasized that this is an objective and defensive reflection of the core theoretical issues in the Party's reform guidelines, making the theory of the reform guidelines, of social housing and the path to social housing in Vietnam increasingly complete; requiring correct and complete awareness, deep grasp and implementation well and effectively.

2.2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAKTHROUGH THEORETICAL AWARENESS ABOUT THE SOCIALIST-ORIENTED MARKET ECONOMY

2.2.1). Theoretical understanding of the development of a socialist-oriented market economy over 40 years of renovation

The theory of the Communist Party of Vietnam on a socialist-oriented market economy has been formed in conjunction with the Party's innovation guidelines since the 6th Congress. The new awareness of the urgency of innovating the economic mechanism, restoring the multi-component economy, "fully and correctly using the commodity-money relationship in planning the national economy", ... has laid the foundation for the breakthrough in the basic theory of our Party on the socialist-oriented market economy model, new awareness of industrialization, international economic integration in building and developing the country and defending the Fatherland.

The 7th National Party Congress continued to affirm that "developing a multi-component commodity economy is a long-term strategic policy in the transitional period to socialism" in which many forms of distribution must be implemented; the economy operates under a market mechanism with State management by law, plan, policy and other tools. At the National Conference of Delegates in the middle of the 7th term, the Party officially presented a systematic view on the country's socialist and spiritual leader. The 8th National Party Congress concluded: "Commodity production is not opposite to socialism, but is an achievement of human civilization's development, an objective existence, necessary for the construction of socialism and even when socialism has been built"; clearly stated: "The task set for the first stage of the transitional period is to prepare the premise for the basically completed industrialization to allow the transition to a new period to promote industrialization and modernization of the country". The 9th National Party Congress for the first time officially identified Vietnam's general economic model during the transition period to a socialist-oriented market economy as a socialist-oriented market economy, clearly stating the purpose, economic regime, operating mechanism, and distribution regime of the socialist-oriented market economy. The 10th National Party Congress agreed to recognize: " marking economy is a product of human civilization", affirming the use of market economy as a means to build social housing, the policy of promoting innovation and innovation associated with developing the knowledge economy. The 11th National Party Congress added: The socialist-oriented market economy in our country is a multi-component commodity economy operating under a market mechanism managed by the State under the leadership of the Communist Party. This is a form of market economy that both follows the laws of the market economy, is based on the foundation and is guided and controlled by the principles and nature of socialism; at the same time, our Party has a policy of innovating the growth model and restructuring the economy, improving quality, efficiency, developing the economy quickly and sustainably; continuing to promote the countrys R&D and ASEAN in conjunction with the development of the knowledge economy, protecting natural resources and the environment.

The 12th National Party Congress set out the general goal of "Comprehensive and synchronous promotion of innovation; rapid and sustainable economic development, striving to soon make our country a basically an industrialized country in a modern direction", continuing to supplement the awareness of the Vietnam- oriented socialist- oriented market economy; technology and higher education associated with the development of the knowledge economy, placed in parallel with the innovation of the growth model, restructuring the economy. The 13th National Party Congress continued to affirm that the socialist-oriented market economy is the general economic model of our country in the transitional period to socialism; it is a " Modern market economy, internationally integrated, fully and synchronously operated according to the laws of the market economy, with the management of the Socialist Republican rule of law, led by the Communist Party of Vietnam; ensuring the socialist orientation for the goal of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization" in accordance with each stage of the country's development". That is an economy with many forms of ownership, many economic components, in which: the state economy plays a leading role; the collective economy, the cooperative economy is constantly consolidated and developed; the private economy is an important driving force; the foreign-invested economy is encouraged to develop in accordance with strategies, planning and socio-economic development plans. Resolution No. 68-NQ/TW of the Politburo XIII emphasized: "The private economy is the most important driving force of the national economy". Continuing to promote science, technology and innovation on the basis of scientific progress, technology and innovation, our Party affirms the awareness of science, technology and innovation, AI is a process of fundamental and comprehensive transformation of the economy and social life based mainly on the development of industry and services on the basis of science, technology and innovation; considering AI and AI as the central task of the country's socio-economic development strategy, building an independent, autonomous and proactive economy, actively integrating widely into the international community, developing quickly and sustainably, becoming a developed country with high income; focusing on harmoniously solving major relationships in the process of science, technology and innovation of the country, especially ensuring the harmony between economic development goes hand in hand with social progress, protecting the environment, closely linking the country's socio-economic development strategy, closely building a complex and competitive economy, actively integrating the development of the local economy, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the role of the local economic sector in the development of the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the new economic sector, promoting the development of the new economic sector, promoting the new economic sector in the new economic sector, promoting the new economic sector.

2.2.2. Steps in theoretical awareness of the Vietnam-oriented socialist-oriented market economic model

Our Party's theoretical awareness of the economy, focusing on Party thinking innovation, has been gradually consolidated, supplemented, perfected and developed through 8 Party Congresses from 1986 to present, and has been generally reflected through 9 basic steps:

(1) From denying and considering the market economy as a unique characteristic of the technology industry, in contrast to socialism; to clearly recognizing that the market economy is a common product of human civilization; is a method to build socialism and a socialist-oriented market economy as a general economic model of our country in the transition period to socialism; is one of the pillars of the country's rapid and sustainable development institutions.

(2) From monopoly with discrimination, especially for the private economy, to multi-ownership, multi-component economy; free-standing economic zones, equality before the law, long-term development, cooperation and healthy competition; creating a synchronous, modern market system in accordance with practical requirements.

(3) Clearly recognize the leadership role of the Party; State management and the participation of social organizations in the socialist-oriented market economy.

(4) From the awareness of having to use commodity-money relations, the value law as an additional factor for the plan, to gradually affirming that the economy must operate fully and synchronously according to the laws of the market economy, promote the dynamism and creativity of entities, integrate internationally, implementing socialism and higher education; from distributing average and flat income to recognizing the diversification of income distribution forms in line with the development of a socialist-oriented market economy.

(5) From the perspective of developing a "closed" economy to an open, proactive, and active view of international integration associated with building an independent and self-reliant economy; from not accepting to accepting foreign investment to affirming: Foreign investment is an important component of the economy.

(6) From closed, intrinsic industrialization, " Prioritizing the development of heavy industry in a reasonable manner, on the basis of developing agriculture and light industry", using State capital to the policy of CNH, HDH with a mixed industrialization model, "shortened - modernized industrialization" associated with the development of the knowledge economy; "Industrization, modernization on the basis of scientific progress, technology, innovation" and rapid, sustainable development, using socialized capital according to market mechanisms.

(7) Recognize the innovation of economic growth models from wide to mainly in depth with productivity, quality and high efficiency, based on science and technology, especially digital technology, artificial intelligence, and innovation, associated with economic restructuring, ensuring rapid and sustainable development associated with environmental protection; developing the digital economy, green economy, circular economy...

8.Realize the remedial relationships in developing a socialist-oriented market economy, from incomplete to increasingly complete and specific, especially linking economic growth with cultural development, environmental protection, and social progress and fairness.

9.3 Recognize the shift from focusing on rapid development to rapid development associated with sustainable development, associated with sustainable development with the implementation of strategic breakthroughs and new economic development methods.

With the above changes over 40 years of renovation, our Party's awareness of the socialist-oriented market economy and the guidelines for developing the socialist-oriented market economy have been gradually formed, constantly supplemented, improved and developed. To date, there has been a unified awareness: market economy is inevitable and objective; a common product of human civilization; a method for building socialism; a socialist-oriented market economy is the overall economic model of our country in the transitional period to socialism; is one of the pillars of the country's rapid and sustainable development institutions; is a modern market economy, integrated internationally, fully operated and synchronously according to the laws of the market economy; at the same time, there is the management of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state, ensuring the socialist orientation in accordance with each stage of the country's development, with the goal of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, and civilization".

The general content of the guidelines for developing a socialist-oriented market economy is affirmed as: Developing diverse forms of ownership, economic components, forms of business organization and distribution; synchronously developing market factors and types of markets; handling major relationships, especially the relationship between the State, the market and society; promoting innovation and synergy associated with the innovation of the growth model and restructuring the economy; rapid and sustainable economic development; building an independent, self-reliant, proactive and actively integrating the international economy; maintaining the socialist orientation. In particular, building and perfecting the socialist-oriented market economic institution is a strategic task, an important breakthrough, creating momentum for rapid and sustainable development.

In short, the continuous innovation and creativity in the theoretical thinking of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the basis of steadfastness, correct application, creativity of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology, selective absorption of the latest achievements in the world's theory and continuous summarization of practice throughout 40 years of renovation, has created a breakthrough in the Party's theory on the socialist-oriented market economy model, showing:

(1) Vietnam's socialist-oriented market economy is a market economy, in which there is an organic and defensive connection between marketness, humanity and the unique socialist and specific character of Vietnam; that is "A type of economic organization that both follows the rules of a market economy and is based on the foundation and is guided and governed by the principles and nature of socialism".

(2) The socialist-oriented market economy that Vietnam is building is a new type of market economy in the development history of the market economy; is a creative application of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thought in the specific conditions and circumstances of Vietnam, selectively absorbing the world's experience.

(3) The theory of building a socialist-oriented market economy has been gradually perfected in 40 years of renovation, opening a new stage for Vietnam's more sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development, relying more on improving the efficiency of resources and innovation in the context of many rapid, strong and unpredictable changes in the international and regional context.

2.3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AWARENESS ABOUT CULTURE, PEOPLE, SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2.3.1. On developing an advanced Vietnamese culture with strong national identity

The Party's theoretical awareness of the role of culture and the goal of building a culture in the period of constant innovation is constantly supplemented and improved. The 1991 platform affirms that the advanced Vietnamese culture, imbued with national identity, is one of the six characteristics of the socialist society we have built. The 2011 platform identified the basic viewpoints, concretized in the documents of the 11th, 12th and 13th National Party Congresses, demonstrating a deeper and more comprehensive awareness of the Party's viewpoints and guidelines on building an advanced Vietnamese culture with strong national identity.

The 13th National Congress identified culture as an important spiritual foundation, goal, driving force, and endogenous strength in the rapid and sustainable development of the country, as a "resurce", a "soft power" of the country. For the first time in the Party's document, arousing and promoting the cultural values and human strength of Vietnam is identified as a breakthrough in the country's 10-year socio-economic development strategy for the period 2021-2030.

Determine more clearly the model and characteristics of Vietnamese culture that need to be built in the new period, continue to clarify the advanced content, imbued with the identity of national culture; affirm the goal of "Comprehensive human development, building an advanced Vietnamese culture, imbued with national identity so that Vietnamese culture and people truly become endogenous strength, driving force for national development and national defense". A clearer understanding of the unity and diversity of culture in the Vietnamese ethnic community.

To build an advanced Vietnamese culture with strong national identity, our Party has mentioned new tasks, in line with the movement and development of the cultural sector itself such as: Developing cultural industries associated with building national brands; building and perfecting the market for cultural products and services; building culture in the economy and in politics; building a digital cultural environment, etc. These are important orientations for the development of Vietnamese culture in the new era, and also suggest theoretical aspects to continue to have new, more comprehensive and deeper perceptions of the relationship between culture and national development.

The work of preserving and promoting the value of national cultural heritage has had many important orientation decisions, affirming the great role of cultural heritage in the development of the country. Identifying cultural heritage as an important endogenous resource for the country's sustainable development, a soft power in foreign affairs and international integration. Promoting the value of cultural heritage is to exploit the endogenous strength to develop a prosperous, prosperous and sustainable country. Preserving and promoting the value of cultural heritage is a regular task of the community, in which the Party plays a leadership role, the State carries out management tasks, the cultural sector and individuals with cultural activities have especially important positions.

Recognizing increasingly clearly the role of cultural institutions and institutions in development, investing in culture as investment in development, removing bottlenecks and obstacles in attracting resources for cultural and human development, especially the cultural industry; decentralization and delegation of authority in allocating resources, public-private partnership mechanisms, mechanisms to attract and encourage businesses to participate in cultural development; promoting the application of science, technology, digital transformation in building, developing and managing culture, protecting and promoting the value of cultural heritage, promoting the digital cultural market, improving the quality of human resources in the cultural sector. Building and promoting the role of information systems and newspapers in providing information, improving spiritual life for society, building a healthy cultural environment, meeting the requirements of national development.

A better understanding of foreign culture and international cultural integration is identified as an inevitable, objective and urgent requirement; a more adequate understanding of opportunities, challenges, positive aspects and negative impacts of international cultural integration. Consider international cultural integration an opportunity to spread Vietnamese culture to the world, enhancing the "soft power" of the country.

Increasingly better understanding the leadership role of the Party, the management of the State in culture; the relationship between building ethics within the Party, in the political system and in society, the exemplary role of cadres and party members, especially the leader before the people. Focus on building a clean and healthy culture within the Party and the political system, fighting against the degradation of political ideology, ethics, lifestyle, "self-evolution", "self-transformation". The issue of moral revival, first of all, ethics within the Party, in the political system does not stop at viewpoints but is institutionalized through Party regulations on what Party members are not allowed to do, regulations on the responsibility to set an example, regulations on manifestations of "self-evolution", "self-transformation"...

2.3.2. On human construction and development; shaking social ethics, building a national value system, a cultural value system and a Vietnamese people

There has been a deeper understanding of the human factor and the relationship between cultural and human development and socio-economic development; building Vietnamese people for comprehensive development is identified as an goal of the socio-economic development strategy; considering cultural development and human construction as core endogenous factors and the driving force for sustainable development. Understanding more clearly the need to form a system of standards on cultural values and Vietnamese people to meet the requirements of the cause of human resources, the country's General Confederation of Labor and international integration.

better recognize the need to build mechanisms and policies to promote the spirit of dedication to the country of all people. Affirming the maximum promotion of the human factor; Man is the center, the subject, the main resource and the goal of development. Building Vietnamese people to develop comprehensively, closely and harmoniously between traditional values and modern values.

Comprehensive human development, not only focusing on human qualities, abilities and skills but also paying attention to overcoming human limitations and shortcomings in the process of AI, AI, developing a socialist-oriented market economy and integrating internationally, and at the same time, applying material and spiritual conditions to build and develop comprehensive human resources. The issue of comprehensive human development is placed in a specific historical context, closely linked to practical conditions in each area and locality. This is both scientific and practical, achieving progress along the stages of socio-economic development in a specific period.

In building and developing people, human resources are identified as the key, a strategic breakthrough for national development. To build and promote the role of human resources, it is necessary to focus on solutions for socio-economic development, education and training development, science and technology development, cultural construction and development, improving the quality of health services, health care, implementing social security, protecting the environment, ensuring social welfare and social justice, training policies, attracting and promoting talents; creating conditions and opportunities for people to access resources and social services for development. In the process of awareness of comprehensive development of Vietnamese people, summarizing and building a value system of Vietnamese people during the period of industrial revolution, industrial revolution and international integration is identified as a very important content. The 13th National Party Congress clearly stated: "Focus on researching, identifying and implementing the construction of a national value system, a system of cultural values and human standards associated with preserving and developing the Vietnamese family value system in the new era". Determining the value and standard system has been placed in the context of the domestic situation, the international context, factors affecting the transformation of value and standards, taking into account the relationship between tradition and modernity, inheritance and promotion, nation and era; therefore, the value and standard system established is scientific and practical.

The social ethics revival is mentioned first of all to focus on fighting the degradation of political ideology, ethics, and lifestyle in society and among a significant number of Party members, preventing and repelling social negativity and social evils. At the same time, it is necessary to develop new values and ethical standards to meet the requirements of building and developing the country for the goal of a rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness and civilization.

Regarding the issue of building a system of cultural and human values in the period of promoting socialism and higher education, the VBSP is receiving increasing attention. The basic and core values of an advanced Vietnamese culture, imbued with national identity such as nationalism, democracy, humanity and science, are affirmed through many Party documents from the 11th to the 13th Congresses, demonstrating the high unity within the Party and society in these basic values. Regarding the standards for comprehensive human development, from the Resolution of the Central Committee of the 8th tenure to Resolution No. 33 (11th tenure) and the Resolution of the 13th National Assembly, there have been adjustments, emphasizing different contents. In particular, in his speech at the National Cultural Conference on November 24, 2021, General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong raised 8 standards for building Vietnamese people in the period of innovation, development, and integration with appropriate standard values, associated with preserving and promoting the values of Vietnamese families, the system of cultural values, and the values of the nation and people; blending traditional values with the values of the times: patriotism, solidarity, self-reliance, affection, honesty, responsibility, discipline, creativity. This is a summary that ensures scientific and practical aspects to be able to implement in practical activities and is also a very important theoretical achievement, which needs to be inherited and supplemented while developing and planning guidelines and policies on comprehensive human development from now until 2030, with a vision to 2045.

2.3.3. On the development of science and technology, education and training

In 2011, the 2013 Constitution and the documents of the 12th and 13th Congresses have consistently affirmed that the policy of developing science and technology is the top national policy; a key driving force to develop modern productive forces, innovate growth models, improve productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness of the economy. The Party needs to have a science and technology development strategy in line with the general trend of the world and the conditions of the country, meeting the requirements of building and defending the Fatherland in the new period, adapting to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Focus on synchronous development of natural science, science, technology and engineering, social sciences and humanities, and political theory.

Determining investment in human resources in science and technology as investment in sustainable development, directly raising the intellectual and strength of the nation. Determine that it is necessary to continue to strongly innovate and synchronize institutions and policies for application and development of science and technology. Improve the capacity of the national innovation system, restructure scientific and technological research programs in the direction of taking enterprises as the center, effectively serving the cause of building and defending the Fatherland as the goal. The State needs to prioritize national resources for investment, while encouraging economic sectors to participate in development and synchronously enhancing the country's scientific and technological potential.

The awareness of the position and role of education and training continues to be enhanced, continuing to affirm the policy of education and training along with science and technology as the top national policy, the future of the nation, a key driving force for national development, a decisive factor to improve national endogenous capacity, a " strategic breakthrough" for rapid and sustainable national development. Determine investment in education as investment for development and priority, ahead of other fields. The development of education, training and science and technology is always associated with human development, for comprehensive human development. In the development of education and training, people are the center, the subject, and the goal of that development process.

The issue of comprehensive innovation, the foundation of education and training is identified more clearly and comprehensively, that is, synchronous innovation of goals, content, programs, methods and methods towards modernity, international integration, comprehensive human development, meeting new requirements of socio-economic development, science and technology, adapting to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Focus more on educating ethics, personality, creativity and core values, especially educating the spirit of patriotism, pride, national self-respect, tradition and history, and sense of social responsibility for all classes of people, especially the young generation; preserving and promoting the fine national cultural identity of the Vietnamese people; arousing the aspiration to develop a prosperous and happy country and firmly protecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

2.3.4. On social policies and sustainable social development management

Decide that economic growth must always be associated with social progress and equity. Economic growth is associated with solving social problems, focusing on solving pressing social problems in each development period of the country so that all people enjoy the fruits of development and social justice.

Sustainable social development is the development of people, for people, for human happiness, both a characteristic and a good nature of our regime, contributing significantly to ensuring the socialist orientation, and creating all conditions for people to participate and enjoy the fruits of the cause of innovation and national development better and better, a great driving force to promote all creative potential of the people in the cause of building socialism.

Building and implementing social policies must be placed in the overall sustainable social development; harmoniously resolving social relations, controlling social stratification and promptly and effectively handling risks, issues of social security, education, training, health, science and technology, ethnicity, religion... Investing in implementing sustainable social development goals is investing in development. Solve social problems in the spirit of socialization and public-private cooperation. Mobilize and allocate resources in accordance with the economic capacity and the requirements for realizing sustainable social development goals, in which state resources play a leading role, social resources are important, and financial resources from society are reasonably mobilized.

More fully appreciating the construction and development of a multi-layered, modern, adaptive, flexible social security system, life-cycle and coverage of the entire population, ensuring that no one is left behind, based on the basis of sharing responsibility between the State, society and people, between groups of people in one generation and between generations; having the ability to prevent, limit and overcome risks for all people, improve social welfare for all people; ensuring that all people have access to and enjoy basic, quality social services. narrowing the gap between rich and poor between regions and classes of population and limiting spontaneous social stratification. Implement the relationship of resource distribution for development and distributing fair growth results; both encourage legitimate enrichment and rapid and sustainable poverty reduction; at the same time, strongly develop the middle class to become a large, large force promoting sustainable social development.

Sustainable social development management must be under the leadership of the Party, effective management of the State, regular supervision of the Vietnam Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations, social organizations, and active participation of people and businesses. arouse the aspiration to develop Vietnam as a "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization", promote the tradition of mutual love, the spirit of great national unity, the will to self-reliance and self-strengthening of the People in solving social problems.

Regarding solving social problems, awareness of innovation and national development must accompany the process of effectively solving social problems towards the goal of progress and social justice. The approach to building and perfecting social policies has also been adjusted, from ensuring and stability to stability and development; associated with sustainable social development management, improving the welfare of the whole people, ensuring social security, human security, and social security. The awareness of the market economy is increasingly deepening and becoming clearer, creating new driving forces for economic growth, creating an important premise for "ressources" to solve social problems and implement social goals.

Recognize that social development is commensurate with economic growth, creating a foundation for the good implementation of social goals, converting economic achievements to improving the lives of the majority of people. The connection of economic thinking and social development thinking contributes to innovating the role of the state in social management and solving social problems. Social policies are increasingly associated with ensuring the basic rights of people (improving skills, decent/sustainable jobs, ensuring social security, etc.). Focus on solving pressing problems in each development period so that all people can enjoy the fruits of development and social justice.

Over 40 years of renovation, the viewpoint on social policies has been gradually perfected to become a system of viewpoints on social policies in the renovation period, which is: (1) Economic growth must always be associated with social progress and fairness.Economic growth is associated with solving social problems, focusing on solving pressing social problems in each development period so that all people can enjoy the fruits of development and social justice; (2) The right social policy for human happiness is a great driving force to promote all creative potentials of the people in the cause of building social networks; (3) Affirming the responsibility of the whole society, of each unit, of each family, the cause of the Party, the State and the entire people in implementing social policies, solving social problems in the spirit of socialization, in which the State plays a core role; (4) Aiming to ensure social security for all people.

Awareness of ethnic issues, of the position and role of ethnic groups in the great national unity continues to be supplemented and developed. Determining the issue of ethnicity and great national unity is of strategic and long-term significance, and plays a very important role in the cause of building and defending the Fatherland. The content of ethnic policies and the approach to building ethnic policies have developed more than before, considering this a comprehensive - inter-sectoral policy.

The awareness of belief and religion has had an important development step, identifying belief and religion as the spiritual need of a part of the people, existing and will exist with the nation. Religious solidarity and national harmony are important requirements in the process of building a socialist rule-of-law state in Vietnam. Ensure that religious organizations operate in accordance with legal regulations and charter and charter recognized by the State. Promote cultural values, good ethics and resources of religions for the development of the country.

2.3.5. On resource management, environmental protection and climate change adaptation

Environmental protection, enhancing resource management, proactively preventing and combating natural disasters, and adapting to climate change are identified as one of the three pillars in the development process towards sustainable development. The Party's thinking and policies on environmental protection and climate change response have changed strongly: shifting from passive response and response thinking to proactive environmental prevention, control and recovery, ecosystems, from exploiting "destroying" resources and nature, from "hot" growth to inclusive growth and rapid and sustainable development - not exchanging the environment for economic growth; putting environmental protection first, protecting the living environment and health of the people as a goal in the country's development strategy.

The 13th Congress has developed the viewpoint of environmental protection and climate change adaptation in a comprehensive and sustainable manner: "Effective adaptation to climate change, natural disaster prevention, control and mitigation; reasonable management, exploitation and use, effective and sustainable use of resources; taking the protection of the living environment and people's health as the top priority goal; resolutely eliminating projects that cause environmental pollution, ensure the quality of the living environment, protect biodiversity and the ecosystem; building a green economy, a circular economy, and environmentally friendly".

2.4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AWARENESS ABOUT NATIONAL DEFENSE, SECURITY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS

2.4.1. On national defense and security

(1) Developing the Party's theoretical awareness of national defense and the Party's absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of national defense, security and armed forces

The Party's theoretical appreciation of the goals, tasks, strengths, forces, methods, partners, subjects, and the relationship between building and defending the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has had development steps, becoming more comprehensive and complete.

Regarding the goals and tasks of protecting the Fatherland: Firmly protecting the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland, protecting the Party, State, people and social security regimes; protecting the cause of innovation, the cause of human resources, the People's Council, protecting national and ethnic interests; protecting the national culture; maintaining an environment of peace, political stability, national security, social order and safety. The 13th National Party Congress added the protection of " included human security" and "building an orderly, disciplined, safe and healthy society to develop the country" to the goals and tasks of national defense and security. At the 8th Central Conference of the 13th tenure, our Party identified the goal and task of "Ensuring the highest national and ethnic interests" above all, first of all; at the same time, supplementing "protecting revolutionary achievements", protecting "the country's international reputation and position", protecting "economic security, cyber security", "erythening factors that cause political instability from within, resolutely not allowing the formation of opposition political organizations in the country; extinguishing the risk of military conflict and war; maintaining and consolidating a peaceful environment for national construction and development; actively contributing to maintaining regional and world peace".

Regarding strength, the Fatherland Protection Force: Protecting the Fatherland with the strength of the great national unity bloc, combining national strength with the strength of the times; the combined strength of the country in politics, economy, culture, national defense, security, foreign affairs, the strength of the entire political system under the leadership of the Party, the centralized and unified management of the State, the consensus and unity of the determination and will of the entire people; the internal strength of the country, the strength of the political regime, the strength of the economy and national potential, the purity of the staff and the strength of great national unity are decisive factors. The Fatherland Protection Force is the entire people, the entire political system, in which the People's Army and the People's Public Security are the core.

Regarding the method of protecting the Fatherland: Using a comprehensive and close combination of armed struggle and non-armed struggle; combining protection with construction, taking construction to protect; fighting against " peaceful developments" and preventing "self-development" and "self-transformation" internally; developing the viewpoint of protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, protecting the country when the country is not yet at risk, the viewpoint of "self-protecting" in new conditions. Since the 9th National Congress, the method of unarmed struggle has been highly valued by the Party.

Regarding partners and subjects: There is a breakthrough in awareness development, introducing the principle of determination in the Resolution of the 8th Central Committee, term IX (7/200), upgrading to viewpoints in the Resolution of the 8th Central Committee, term XI (10/2013); developing content in the Resolution of the 8th Central Committee, term XIII (11/2023): Those who respect national interests - national interests, independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, friendship, cooperation, equality, mutual benefit, and mutual development with Vietnam are all partners; any force that has plots and actions to sabotage the cause of building and defending our Fatherland is the target. In each partner, there may be conflicts with national and ethnic interests that need to be fought; in each possible partner, there needs to be mobilization, cooperation, and persuasion; efforts to promote cooperation, reduce disagreements and conflicts to achieve the highest benefits for the cause of building and defending the Fatherland.

Regarding the relationship between building socialism and defending the Fatherland of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic: Our Party affirms that these are two strategic tasks, with an inseparable and protective relationship; while putting the task of building the country first, we must also attach importance to the task of protecting the Fatherland and having good protection to create favorable conditions for building the country. The 13th National Party Congress requires "Specifically and effectively implementing the relationship between the two strategic tasks of building and defending the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the socio-economic development strategy, the strategy of defending the Fatherland; in the fields of economy, culture, society, national defense, security, foreign affairs; in each locality, region, strategic area and in each specific task, program, and plan".

Theoretical awareness of national security and national security protection has developed: From the awareness of national security being mainly internal issues to comprehensive security including: Political security, economic security, cultural - ideological security, information security, security in the fields of religion, ethnicity, rural and urban security and strategic regions, territorial security. Recognize the goals, tasks, scope, motto, mobilize resources, measures to protect national security and ensure increasingly complete social order and safety. Develop scientific security theory; develop awareness of non-traditional security, especially cyber security, human security, environmental security, national sovereignty in cyberspace... Recognize the risks and challenges to national security including traditional security and non-traditional security, on land, at sea, in the air, in space and in cyberspace.

The Party's theoretical appreciation of the Party's absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of the Party over national defense, security and armed forces is a consistent, consistent viewpoint and an increasingly complete and profound development: In all conditions and situations, national defense, security and armed forces must be under the absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of the Party. The Party leads national defense and security with guidelines, strategies, and orientations on major policies and strategies in the fields of national defense and security; institutionalize the leadership of the Party with a legal system and relevant legal documents. The absolute and direct leadership of the Party in all aspects over the armed forces is concentrated in the Central Executive Committee, directly and regularly the Politburo and the Secretariat, through the system of party organizations, the command organization system, the system of political agencies, political cadres at all levels and mass organizations at the grassroots level in the People's Army and the People's Public Security.

(2) Developing the Party's theoretical awareness of protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, from the time the country is not yet in danger

In the process of innovation, starting from practical requirements, our Party has gradually developed and perfected the theoretical awareness of protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, since the country was not yet in danger. For the first time, "Defending the Fatherland from afar" was raised by the Party in Resolution No. 08-NQ/TW of the 8th Politburo (12/1998) on the National Security Strategy: "Along with building and defending the Fatherland, we must thoroughly implement the viewpoint of protecting the Fatherland from afar". Next, the 8th Central Conference of the 9th lunar month (7/2003) stated the viewpoint: " proactively prevent, promptly detect and eliminate internal factors that can lead to unfavorable breakthroughs". At the 8th Central Conference of the 11th tenure (10 2013), the issue of protecting the Fatherland early and from afar was clearly defined in both the goals, viewpoints, guiding motto and tasks and implementation solutions.

The 12th National Party Congress continues to perfect the strategic thinking on protecting the Fatherland early and remotely with the direction: "Having a plan to prevent war and conflict risks early and remotely; proactively preventing, detecting early and eliminating adverse factors, especially internal factors that can cause breakthroughs". The 13th National Party Congress focused on protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, when the country is not yet at risk, with the direction: "Having a plan to prevent the risk of war and conflict early, from afar. Strive to prevent conflicts, war and resolve disputes by peaceful means in accordance with international law. Resolutely and persistently fight to firmly protect independence, sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of airspace and sea areas; maintain a peaceful and stable environment for development; Improve strategic forecasting capacity, maintain strategic proactiveness; do not be passive or surprised in any situation.

In particular, the 8th Central Conference of the 13th tenure, on the basis of summarizing 10 years of implementing the 8th Central Conference of the 11th tenure on the Strategy for Fatherland Protection in the new situation, clearly stated the direction of national defense: "T closely combining two strategic tasks of national construction and defense. Increase appropriate investment in building a national defense, people's security, and people's armed forces, meeting the requirements of protecting the Fatherland early and from afar; protecting the country before the country is in danger; absolutely do not be passive or surprised in any situation".

From practical requirements, our Party has gradually developed, perfecting the theoretical awareness of national defense early, from afar, since the country was not yet in danger. The most typical and important manifestation is the state of "activity and proactiveness"; strengthening the great national unity bloc; the spirit of self-awareness, awareness, and high responsibility of the entire Party, people, and army in the task of protecting the Fatherland in all aspects:

Regarding the goal: Maintaining a peaceful, stable and developing environment, not letting the country be passive or surprised in any situation; not letting the country go through war, conflict, and instability is the highest goal and the highest benefit of the country.

Regarding the guiding ideology: The consistent guiding ideology to protect the Fatherland early and from afar, from the time the country is not yet in danger, is to promote the Active and proactive nature; closely combine construction with protection, taking construction to protect; actively and proactively build and prepare the country to be strong in all aspects (politics, economy, national defense, security, foreign affairs, etc.) right in peacetime to create deterrence, prevent all intentions, actions of aggression and plots, and sabotage activities of hostile forces.

Regarding the Fatherland Protection Force early and from afar: The entire Party, the entire people, the entire army and the entire political system, both the people at home and the overseas Vietnamese, are under the leadership of the Party, the unified management and administration of the State, taking the people's armed forces as the core. At the same time, seek the support and help of international friends, the people of progress and the peace-loving people in the world.

In terms of time: Early protection, prevention, proactive preparation of conditions to firmly protect the Fatherland from within and outside right in peacetime, when the country has not had war or conflict.

In terms of space: Protecting both inside and outside the territorial border; protecting right from outside the territorial border, preventing from afar, not allowing until the enemy invade the sovereignty of the territory to carry out protection activities; at the same time, in the current period of extensive integration and globalization, it is necessary to protect national and ethnic interests both inside and outside the territory.

Regarding methods: In addition to strengthening national defense and security, we must promote foreign affairs activities, comprehensively developing all economic, cultural and social aspects, making the country increasingly stronger to create deterrent power, preventing and extinguishing all intentions and actions of the enemy early and from afar.

(3) Developing the Party's theoretical awareness of building a national defense and people's security; building a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with building a solid people's heart posture

The Party's theoretical awareness has comprehensive development, with many new additions to the goals, viewpoints, contents, methods, solutions and the relationship between building a national defense and people's security: The national defense and people's security are the national defense and security strength of the country, built on the political, spiritual, human resources, material and financial foundation, of a national character, comprehensive, independent, self-reliant, self-reliant and gradually modern. Including all political, economic, diplomatic, defense, security, culture, science and technology activities, etc. of the Party, State and People to create comprehensive, balanced and synchronous strength, characterized by military and security strength, armed forces as the core, to firmly protect the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity; protect the country's sustainable peace; protect the Party, State, People and the socialist regime in the new situation.

The Party's theoretical awareness is that there is an increasingly complete, comprehensive, and deepening development in the content, solutions, and relationships between building a national defense posture, a people's security posture, and building a solid people's heart posture: Building a national defense posture, a people's security posture is the organization, deployment, and arrangement of forces and defense and security potential throughout the territory according to a unified strategic mindset, ensuring a successful response to all plots and activities of hostile forces, independent, sovereign, unified, territorial integrity, and national-national interests, ready to turn into a people's war posture to protect the Fatherland. The content and solutions for building a national defense posture and a people's security posture must comprehensively ensure the building of a solid people's heart posture; combining national defense, security, foreign affairs with socio-economics and socio-economics with national defense, security, foreign affairs; building a comprehensive, solid, and consolidated defense posture of provinces and cities, forming a national defense system; building a national defense posture associated with the people's security posture.

The Party increasingly deeply recognizes the position, role and content of building a people's heart posture in building a national defense posture, a people's security posture and a people's war to protect the Fatherland. Building a solid people's heart position, first of all, building the people's trust and consensus in the leadership of the Party, in the victory of the renovation cause; building the Party's guidelines and policies, the State's policies and laws on classes, ethnic groups, religions, and policies of great national unity as a political and legal basis to build a people's heart position; building and consolidating Party committees, Party organizations, authorities, the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations, organizations and social forces across the country, especially in key lines and areas; caring for economic, cultural and social development, gradually improving the material and spiritual life of the people from the city to rural areas, border areas, border areas, and islands. Build a socialist political regime, maintain the leadership of the Party, manage and operate by the State; organize all classes, social classes, ethnic groups and religions into national unity, promote patriotism, raise revolutionary vigilance, protect the Party, State and the socialist regime. In building a national defense posture and a people's security posture, the Party has new additions and developments, more comprehensive and complete awareness of the posture at sea, in the air, in cyberspace and underground space.

Theoretical awareness of building the People's Armed Forces has developed. Build a revolutionary, disciplined, elite People's Army and People's Public Security, gradually modernize, some military branches, sectors, and forces will move straight to modernity; by 2025, basically build a lean, compact, and strong Army and Public Security, creating a solid foundation, striving to build a disciplined, elite, modern, and modern Army and Public Security by 2030; strong in politics, ideology, ethics, organization, and cadres. For the Army, the Party has determined to prioritize modernization: Navy, Air Defense - Air Force, Information and Communications, Electronic Warfare, Technical reconnaissance, Coast Guard. For the Police, the Party has identified priorities for modernization: Intelligence, cryptography, security, mobile police, professional techniques, cyber security and the fight against high-tech crimes. In addition to building a regular force, the Party also aims to build a strong and widespread reserve force and militia; build a force to ensure order and social safety at the grassroots level to meet the requirements of the task of maintaining security and order at the grassroots level.

Recognizing that the Party's theoretical development is increasingly complete and more complete in combining socio-economic development with strengthening national defense, security and foreign affairs: The Party identifies the role and position of each field and clearly sees the nature of this relationship as a close combination of factors in a unified apparatus to create a combined strength for building and defending the Fatherland. In which, economic development is the center; consolidating and strengthening national defense and security is an important and regular task to protect the Fatherland, creating a stable peaceful environment for socio-economic development and foreign affairs activities; expanding foreign affairs to take advantage of external resources, promoting internal resources for national construction and defense. Therefore, no field or task should be taken lightly and it is important that the direction and implementation process must be closely combined at all levels, both macro and micro at each area, area as well as nationwide.

2.4.2. On foreign affairs

Our Party's theoretical perception of the times, the international environment, the world and the region, and the partnership is increasingly clear, complete and has more innovations.

Regarding the era: While affirming that today's era is still the era of transition from capitalism to socialism, our Party clearly recognizes the complex and very long-term nature of the process of social change; comprehensively and objectively assess capitalism and its role, both positive and negative, in the development process of humanity. Our Party focuses on directly assessing the movements, characteristics, trends and nature in the current period of the era. Accordingly, our Party has had a very important change in the awareness of the international environment, clearly recognizing that the international environment is the space of countries, regardless of political regime or level of development, coexisting in peace, cooperation and struggle, for national and ethnic interests.

Regarding the world and the region: Our Party focuses on assessing the changes in the correlation between the combined strength and the relationship between major countries, the movement of major trends affecting all aspects of human life. The Party's awareness of the world and the region is always updated through congresses. Our Party believes that since the Cold War, the world situation has changed a lot, but the general trend is to shift to the multipolar, multi-central situation; major countries change their strategies, both cooperating and competing, fighting and restraining each other, strongly affecting the world and regional situation; manifestations of extreme nationalism and authoritarianism are increasingly emerging in international relations; gathering forces to connect, compete, and fight between countries in the world and the region is complicated. Our Party pointed out that in that context, developing countries, especially small and medium-sized countries, face new challenges but also new opportunities on the development path.

Regarding major trends, the Party clearly recognizes that peace and cooperation, despite facing many difficulties and challenges, are still a major trend; the risk of world war is pushed back; countries and peoples continue to prioritize investment in development. Our Party also clearly recognizes the development trend of globalization and the scientific and technological revolution, both positively and negatively affecting the development of humanity. Our Party believes that globalization and the scientific and technological revolution must develop strongly; countries, at different levels, must participate and have benefits but must also strive to minimize their adverse impacts.

Regarding emerging issues in international relations, our Party pointed out that economic and trade competition, competition for resources, energy, markets, technology, capital sources, between countries is increasingly fierce; global issues such as network security, financial security, energy security, food security, climate change, rising sea levels, natural disasters, epidemics, transnational crimes, high-tech crimes, etc. continue to develop complicatedly.

Regarding the region, the Party stated that the Asia - Pacific region, including Southeast Asia, has an important geoeconomic and geopolitical position; is an area with potential to continue to develop strongly but is also an area of fierce competition between major countries and there are many unstable factors; territorial disputes, sea and island sovereignty in the region continue to take place fiercely.

Regarding ASEAN, along with the process of our country's admission and implementation of its membership role, our Party's awareness of the Association is increasingly clear. The Party stated that despite many difficulties and challenges, ASEAN continues to play an important role in maintaining peace, stability, promoting economic cooperation and linkages in the region.

Regarding partners: Our Party has had a major change in awareness since the promulgation of the 8th Central Resolution of the 9th tenure on "Fatherland Protection Strategy in the New situation" with the approach of taking Vietnam's national and ethnic interests as a criterion to clearly distinguish the "partners" and "subjects" in the policies and actions of countries, organizations and individuals when dealing with Vietnam. Accordingly, from the concept of our enemy, the Party has shifted to a defensive view of partners and subjects based on national interests in each specific situation.

In parallel with the above awareness innovations, our Party also has a better understanding of the goals, tasks, principles and major orientations directing the process of planning and implementing foreign guidelines and policies.

Regarding foreign goals and tasks: The Party has increasingly deeply recognized the goal of ensuring the highest national and ethnic interests, including; development goals are given top priority; the role of foreign affairs in the cause of building and defending the Fatherland is valued; the task of enhancing the country's position and prestige in the international arena is increasingly emphasized.

Regarding foreign affairs principles, the Party clearly states two principles: For national and ethnic interests; on the basis of the basic principles of the United Nations Charter and international law. Regarding the major motto and orientation, the Party's theoretical awareness, from the orientation of considering "comprehensive solidarity and cooperation with the Soviet Union is always the foundation of foreign policy", gradually moving towards diversifying and multilateralizing foreign relations; from the policy of "wanting to be friends" to "ready to be friends", "being friends, being trustworthy partners", being "responsible members" of the international community; attaching importance to relations with neighboring countries, major countries, paying due attention to relations with traditional friend countries. The orientation of international integration is increasingly clarified: From "closing the situation of being surrounded and embargoed" to "incorporating into the regional and world economy" and then "actively and actively integrating internationally" comprehensively, from the integration position of a country going back to the state of a country rising up, pioneering in new fields.

In international integration, our Party always focuses on the relationship between maintaining independence, self-reliance and comprehensive and extensive international integration; the need to strengthen internal resources to ensure successful integration; better grasp the basic principles and issues of international practices. Our Party has identified international integration as a major strategic orientation to build and protect the Fatherland, considering international integration as the cause of the entire people and the entire political system; international integration on the basis of maximizing internal resources, taking advantage of external resources; Economic integration as the focus, integrating in other areas to gradually expand; strictly comply with international commitments along with proactively and actively participating in the development and implementation of common standards to ensure national and ethnic interests; have more deeply recognized the need to properly resolve the relationship between international integration and maintaining independence, self-reliance and national sovereignty; more clearly and fully recognizing the characteristics of the international environment as well as the tools and power systems used to coordinate and control the process of international integration.

With the established relations, the Party has a policy of deepening and deepening relations, increasingly increasing the level of intertwined interests, enhancing trust, expanding and improving the effectiveness of cooperation mechanisms, upgrading relations with partners, especially partners of strategic importance to the security and development of the country. Our Party strategizes to elevate multilateral diplomacy, proactively participate and promote Vietnam's role in multilateral mechanisms, especially ASEAN, the United Nations, APEC, and Mekong sub-regional cooperation, in important issues and mechanisms of strategic importance, in accordance with specific requirements, capabilities and conditions. For hostile forces, our Party is proactive, determined, persistent in fighting, failing all plots and actions to interfere in internal affairs, violating independence, sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity, national security and political stability of the country.

Along with the process of renewing awareness of the times, the world, the region and other contents of foreign policies and guidelines, our Party's awareness of organizing and building foreign forces is also increasingly clear. The Party has clearly recognized the need to build a comprehensive and modern diplomacy, including: comprehensive in both subjects and fields, both in partnership and terrain, tools and methods of implementation; modern in both content, methods, methods and implementation tools, both in the harmonious combination of Vietnamese identity, Vietnamese diplomatic traditions and the progressive values of the contemporary world. In that comprehensive and modern diplomacy, Party foreign affairs, State diplomacy and People's foreign affairs are clearly divided into roles and closely coordinated by the Party, creating the highest efficiency for the goal of: ensuring the highest national and ethnic interests.

2.5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AWARENESS ABOUT BUILDING AND REGULATING THE PARTY AND A CLEAN AND STRONG POLITICAL SYSTEM

2.5.1. On Party building and rectification

First, the development of general theoretical awareness of the Party and Party building and rectification. Over 40 years of renovation, our Party has clearly, fully and scientifically identified the nature of the Party. The 10th National Party Congress marked a turning point in the recognition of the Party's nature, reflected in a new expression of the Party: "The Communist Party of Vietnam is a pioneer of the working class, at the same time a pioneer of the working people and the Vietnamese nation; a loyal representative of the interests of the working class, the working people and the nation". Such an affirmation both reflects the nature of the working class of the Party under Marxism-Leninism and reflects the characteristics of our Party according to the creative development of President Ho Chi Minh, in line with the reality of Vietnam and meeting the aspirations and feelings of the people.

The Party's ideological foundation is supplemented and developed. The 7th National Party Congress identified Ho Chi Minh's ideology as a part of the Party's ideological foundation: "The Party takes Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology as the ideological foundation, the guiding principle for action".

The principles of organization and operation of the Party have been developed in accordance with the new situation. The 10th National Party Congress added to the Party's Charter 2 principles of organization and operation of the Party: The Party maintains a close relationship with the people and the Party operates within the framework of the Constitution and the law, making the system of principles of organization and operation of the Party into 5 principles: focus on democracy; self-criticism and criticism; solidarity and unity; close attachment to the people; operating within the framework of the Constitution and the law.

The Party affirms its always Loyalty to the internationalism of the working class, actively supporting the communist and international workers' movements to the best of its ability.

The Communist Party of Vietnam identifies its position and role as the leader of the political system, and at the same time, a part of that system. The Party is closely attached to the People, serves the People, is supervised by the People, is responsible to the People for its decisions; respects and promotes the People's mastery, and relies on the People to build the Party. Party organizations and party members operate within the framework of the Constitution and the law.

From the requirements of practical Party building in the process of innovation, the 12th National Party Congress has developed the issue of building a moral Party into a new content and task of building a new Party. At the 13th National Congress, the Party made building a cadre team a key aspect of Party building. Over the past 40 years, the Communist Party of Vietnam has developed the structure of Party building work into 5 basic aspects: politics, ideology, ethics, organization and cadres.

Regarding Party building and rectification, from the 6th Congress - the Renovation Congress, the Party has proposed a policy of rectification of the Party, conducting a "campificate to clean up and enhance the fighting strength of Party organizations". At the 7th Congress, the concept of "pushing up the Party" was used and placed with the concept of "building the Party" to emphasize the task of Party rectification. Since then, the Party's policy of Party rectification has always been associated with Party building, in which Party building is a basic, strategic, and long-term task; Party rectification is an important, regular, and urgent task; Linking Party building with building the entire political system; Party building and rectification need to be carried out step by step[4].

Second, the development of theoretical awareness in Party building in politics, ideology and ethics. The 13th National Party Congress summarized and strongly affirmed Party building on the political basis of four orders: Deciding and applying, creatively developing Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minhism; steadfastly pursuing the goal of national independence and socialism; steadfastly following the Partys innovation guidelines; steadfastly following the principles of Party building. In Party building, it is necessary to innovate and improve the quality of the work of planning the Party's guidelines and policies; attach importance to improving forecasting capacity; closely follow and depart from practice, assess impact, balance, allocate resources and organize effective implementation; improve the capacity to institutionalize, concretize and organize the implementation of the Party's policies and resolutions.

Our Party always attaches importance to and upholds the especially important role of Party building in ideology. The 6th National Party Congress set a requirement for ideological work to focus on "innovating thinking... arousing the revolutionary will of the masses"; strengthening solidarity and consensus on ideology based on the classes classes and movements of the Party. ideological and theoretical work must be innovated in a proactive, practical, timely and effective manner. Improve fighting spirit, education, and persuasion in propaganda, study of theories, viewpoints, guidelines, and policies of the Party, and the policies and laws of the State.

The Party's awareness of Party building on ethics has developed. The 12th National Congress identified Party building in ethics as a basic content of Party building and this content continued to be promoted and emphasized at the 13th National Congress.

Third, the development of theoretical approaches on building grassroots party organizations and improving the quality of party members. The Party affirms that the grassroots Party organization is the foundation of the Party, the political core at the grassroots level; building a clean and strong grassroots Party organization, improving the quality of the Party members is an important and regular task; the responsibility of Party committees, Party organizations and Party members. The Party has developed awareness of functions, tasks, how to organize, and how to build grassroots party organizations. Regarding party members, after summarizing the practice, the 10th Congress allowed party members to do private business but must be exemplary in complying with the law and policies of the State, strictly complying with the Party Charter and regulations of the Central Executive Committee. The 13th National Party Congress has set a policy to promote the development of Party members among businessmen, marking a development of the Party's awareness in Party members' work.

Fourth, the development of awareness of Party building theories on organization and building a model of the overall organization of the political system. The perception of the Party building theory on organization has developed strongly. To ensure the work of building the Party and the political system is organized in the right direction, the 6th Conference of the 12th Party Central Committee set out the principle of directing the Party building organization: "The Party unifies leadership in innovation, arrangement and management of the apparatus and staffing of the political system" and implements the principle of "one agency performs many tasks and one task is only assigned to one agency to preside over implementation and take primary responsibility". The 13th Party Central Committee Conference (01/2025) determined that "a streamlined organization of the political system to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and efficiency is a Revolution". Thus, from focusing only on State innovation, the theory of the political system has not been completely shaped in the early stages of innovation, to having a breakthrough in organizational theory, for the first time giving specific and clear principles to avoid overlapping and overlapping functions at the 12th Congress and becoming a development theory at a strategic height, linking the innovation of the political system with modern national governance, democracy and power control at the 13th Congress.

Fifth, the development of theoretical awareness of personnel work and internal political defense. In 1997, the Party issued the Cadre Strategy for the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country. The personnel strategy identifies a system of viewpoints, goals, contents, and tasks for personnel work, marking a major step in developing the theory of personnel work and building the Party on cadres. Through the practice of cadre work over the past 40 years, awareness of the position and role of cadre work; viewpoints on directing the building of cadre teams and cadre work stages have been innovated and developed. Cadres are the decisive factor in the success or failure of the revolution; cadres' work is the "key" stage of Party building and the political system. Building a team of cadres, especially strategic-level cadres, is a top priority task, an important work of the Party, and must be carried out regularly, cautiously, scientifically, closely and effectively. Investing in building a cadre team is an investment for long-term, sustainable development. Strictly and consistently implement the principle of the Party unifying direct and comprehensive leadership of personnel work and managing the team of cadres in the political system. Over the past 40 years, the Party has developed theoretical awareness of concepts, roles, contents, tasks, motto, and professional skills of internal political protection work. Regulation No. 58-QD/TW dated February 08/2022 of the 13th Politburo regulating a number of issues on internal political protection of the Party has determined the principles for directing internal political protection in the new situation, instead of the motto. In general, internal political protection work has developed its viewpoint in a comprehensive direction, linking internal political protection with building a team of cadres, protecting the ideological foundation, preventing the risk of "self-evolution" and "self-transformation", attaching importance to political qualities, bravery, capacity and prestige; from focusing on political history to grasping political history, focusing on current political issues.

Sixth, the development of theoretical awareness of mass mobilization work and building close relationships with the people. i) Affirming that the people are the root, the center, and the subject of the country's renovation, of the Party's construction and rectification; II) Supplementing, developing, and gradually perfecting the viewpoint on democracy and expanding and promoting the people's mastery; III) Expanding and developing the motto "people know, people discuss, people do, people inspect" into "people know, people discuss, people do, people inspect, people supervise, people benefit"; IV) The mechanism of "Party leadership, State management, people mastery" is increasingly clarified; v) Strengthening and innovating the Party's leadership in mass mobilization work in the new situation to firmly strengthen the people's trust in the Party. Mass mobilization is the responsibility of the entire political system.

Seventh, the development of theoretical awareness of the Party's inspection, supervision and discipline work. Inspection and supervision are the leadership functions and regular tasks of the entire Party. Leaders who do not check are considered to have no leaders. Party organizations and Party members must be subject to Party inspection and supervision; supervision must be expanded, inspection must be focused and key; timely detection of new factors to promote, overcome shortcomings, defects, and violations right from the start; taking prevention and control as the main concern. Since the 8th National Congress, the Party has shifted the focus of inspection work to inspecting party members and party organizations when there are signs of violations to improve the effectiveness of inspection work. The 10th Congress has added more supervision work associated with inspection work. The 11th, 12th and 13th Congresses continue to have many policies to innovate inspection, supervision and discipline work, such as: Focus on directing the development and completion of Party regulations; innovate inspection and supervision processes and methods; focus on inspecting and supervising Party organizations, leaders, and key officials in places prone to violations, places with many outstanding concerns, public attention; publicize inspection, supervision and discipline results; increase the authority of the Party's inspection agency; innovate regulations on Party discipline... Those policies have demonstrated the strong development of the Party's theoretical awareness of the Party's inspection, supervision and discipline work.

Eighth, the development of theoretical awareness of power control and prevention and control of corruption, waste and negativity: Over the past 10 years, the Party's awareness of power control has developed strongly. The 12th National Assembly sets out the task: "Complete and strictly implement the mechanism for controlling power, preventing abuse of power and violations of discipline and order". In practice, the subject of power control has been expanded from state power control to power control of party agencies, individuals in the party apparatus and the political system. The subjects controlling power have been recognized more widely, not only as responsible agencies in the apparatus of the Party and State but also from other subjects in the political system. Power control includes control from within and control from outside the State and the political system. The guiding principle is: All power must be strictly controlled by mechanisms, must be bound by responsibilities, the greater the responsibility for the power, the greater the responsibility for the power; the abuse and exploitation of power must be prosecuted and handled. The fight against corruption is a key and especially important task of Party building; the leadership of the Party and the management of the State are the decisive factors for the success of the fight against corruption and waste. Not only does it prevent and combat corruption and waste, but it must also link corruption and waste prevention and control with negative prevention and control and must be implemented synchronously and effectively. Linking power control with preventing and combating corruption, waste and negativity to ensure that power is operated publicly, transparently, correctly, and without degradation. Adhering to the motto of " prevention early, from afar, both at the top and at the root"; combining "building" and "opposing", in which prevention is the main, basic, long-term, resistance is important, breakthrough; fighting constantly, without stopping", "no forbidden areas", "no exceptions".

Ninth, the development of theoretical awareness of innovation in the Party's leadership and governance methods. From a simple awareness of leadership methods, over the past 40 years, the Party's awareness of the Party's leadership methods under the ruling Party has made great strides. In 1989, the 6th Central Conference of the 6th tenure used the concept of leadership methods instead of the concepts of "leadership methods" and "working style". The 1991 platform and the 2011 platform have supplemented and more specifically identified the Party's leadership methods. Along with the development of the Party's awareness of leadership methods, in the process of innovation, the Party has had a new awareness of the Party's governance methods. The 6th Conference of the 13th Party Central Committee issued a resolution on continuing to innovate the Party's leadership and governance methods for the political system in the new period, clearly defining the viewpoints, goals, tasks, and solutions to continue innovating the Party's leadership and governance methods for the political system in the new period.

2.5.2. On building a socialist rule-of-law state of Vietnam

Over 40 years of innovation, the awareness and theory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state has become increasingly unified, complete and more in-depth.

The 10th Congress and the 2011 platform have identified the "Socialist rule of law state of the people, by the people, for the people" led by the Communist Party as one of the 8 elements and 8 main characteristics of a socialist society built by the Party and the people. The 12th Party Congress and the 13th Party Congress, our Party determined that building and perfecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state of the people, by the people and for the people led by the Party is the core task of innovating the political system.

The 2011 platform affirmed the nature of the socialist state of Vietnam: Our country is a socialist rule-of-law state of the people, by the people, for the people. All state power belongs to the people, the foundation of which is the alliance between the working class and the farming class and the intellectual community... The state issues laws; organizes and manages society by law and constantly strengthens the socialist legal system". The 6th Conference of the 13th Party Central Committee identified 8 characteristics of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state.

The Party's 2011 platform affirmed the principle of organizing the rule of law state power in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Organize and operate the state apparatus according to the principle of democratic centralism, with assignment and decentralization, while ensuring the unified direction of the Central Government. The 6th Central Conference of the 13th tenure clearly stated: consistently implement the principle that all state power belongs to the people...; state power is unity, with clear assignment, close coordination, effective control between state agencies in the exercise of legislative, executive, and judicial rights under the supervision of the people. The law in the Socialist Republic is the will and aspiration of the people to be legalized. The State issues laws; organizes and manages society by law and constantly strengthens the social policy system.

To build the organization and operation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's legal system, the Party is in the affirmative that it is necessary to continue to innovate the organization and operation of the state apparatus; implement state administrative reform; determine and improve the quality of the staff of civil servants and public employees of the state; innovate from the thinking of "the state does everything", to the thinking of diversifying economic entities, reducing state monopoly, and eliminating corporate monopoly.

A better understanding of the role of state power control is a means for the state to maintain and promote the nature of the Socialist Republican rule of law. The fight against corruption, waste and negativity is an important, persistent and long-term task in building a socialist rule-of-law state in Vietnam. In the process of building a rule of law state, it is necessary to always ensure the leadership role of the Party, the role of the Fatherland Front, member organizations, and social organizations to contribute, build and perfect the socialist rule of law state.

2.5.3. On perfecting and promoting socialist democracy; promoting the strength of the people; building and promoting the great national unity bloc; building and innovating the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations

The Party has better recognized that implementing socialist democracy is the essence of innovation and consolidation of the political system, which is both the goal and the driving force of innovation. The 13th National Party Congress clearly stated the viewpoint of perfecting socialist democracy as follows: The Party and the State issue guidelines, policies, policies, and laws to create a political and legal foundation, respect, ensure, and protect the people's right to mastery. Enhance the role of the subject, the central position of the People in the entire process of building and defending the Fatherland.

The 1991 platform emphasizes two lessons learned about national unity: (1) The revolutionary cause belongs to the people, by the people and for the people...; (2) Continuously consolidating and strengthening solidarity: Party-wide solidarity, people-wide solidarity, national solidarity, international solidarity. The 7th Conference of the Party Central Committee (9th tenure) affirmed: "The great national unity on the foundation of the alliance of the working class with the farmers and intellectuals under the leadership of the Party is a strategic guideline of the Vietnamese revolution; is the main source of strength and motivation and a decisive factor in ensuring the sustainable victory of the cause of building and defending the Fatherland". Resolution No. 43-NQ/TW (2023) on great national unity continues to affirm and develop the awareness of considering great national unity as the cause of the entire people, the responsibility of the Party and the entire political system. Solidarity within the Party is the core, a solid foundation for building solidarity in the political system, national unity and international unity.

Entering the renovation process, at the 6th National Party Congress, we will soon have a policy on innovating the organization and operation of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations. At the 7th National Congress, the Party emphasized: "The Fatherland Front and people's organizations need to be innovated in organization and operation to truly contribute to democratic implementation and social innovation, care for and protect the legitimate interests of the People; participate in state management work; maintain and strengthen the close relationship between the Party and the State and the People". The Party's awareness of the principles of organization and operation of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations continues to develop in the process of innovation. At the 13th National Party Congress, we affirmed: "Innovating the organization of the apparatus, content and methods of operation, enhancing the responsibility of the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations, focusing on the grassroots, residential areas, ... Building a position of people's hearts, promoting the strength of great solidarity and consensus of the people at home and abroad to build and protect the Fatherland".

III. ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF BUILDING SOCIALISM IN VIETNAM

3.1. PRACTICE OF BUILDING AND DEVELOPING A MARKET ECONOMY WITH SOCIALIST ORIENTATION IN VIETNAM

During the past 40 years of renovation, the Vietnamese economy has achieved great achievements. From an outdated country with frequent hunger, we have risen out of the state of poor and underdeveloped water, becoming a developing country with an average income. People's lives have improved significantly both materially and spiritually. Our country has never had such a foundation, potential, position and international prestige as today. This is a source of pride, an important driving force, a resource, a belief for the entire Party, people and army to overcome all difficulties and challenges, continuing to steadfastly follow the path of comprehensive and synchronous innovation; rapid and sustainable development of the country.

a) Achievements

Firstly, after 40 years of renovation, the Party's theoretical viewpoints on developing a socialist-oriented market economy have been gradually institutionalized and concretized into legal documents, mechanisms, policies as well as action programs and plans of the Government, all levels, sectors and localities to organize implementation; the institutional system has been constantly improved according to the development requirements of each stage, creating an increasingly solid legal basis for the transformation and operation of the Vietnamese socialist-oriented market economy. Institutions developing forms of ownership and economic sectors have made great strides, recognizing the diversity of forms of ownership, economic sectors, and entities that are free to do business and compete according to the provisions of law. Institutions for developing market factors, markets are gradually being perfected to suit each development stage. Institutions promoting the role of the State, adjusting the relationship between the State, the market and society are being increasingly clearly defined. The social orientation of the market economy in Vietnam continues to be institutionalized and concretized by mechanisms and policies related to redistribution, ensuring progress and social justice, no one is left behind in the development process.

The legal system, mechanisms, policies, and planning to promote innovation and innovation of the country continue to be improved in accordance with the requirements of building a modern market economy and integrating internationally. The policy of rapid and sustainable economic development has become a development viewpoint and development goals set out in programs, plans and planning at the national, sectoral and provincial levels. Three strategic breakthroughs, new economic development models and methods are concretized into tasks and solutions and institutionalized into many mechanisms and policies to implement the policy of rapid and sustainable economic development. The construction and completion of institutions has accelerated the digital transformation process and the application of a number of new economic models. New economic models have been studied and integrated into planning and development plans for ministries, branches and localities.

International economic integration mechanisms and policies continue to be perfected in the direction of harmonizing and legalizing international commitments to better take advantage of opportunities brought about by international integration as well as enhancing the recognition and recognition of Vietnam's market economy regulations. institutionalization to improve the internal strength of domestic economic entities is being promoted, especially for private economic development to become an important driving force of the socialist-oriented market economy; promoting restructuring, innovation, and improving the efficiency of state-owned enterprises to create enterprises with international competitiveness. Thus, along with the development of the Party's theoretical awareness, the institutionalization and concretization of the Party's viewpoints on developing a socialist-oriented market economy has helped form and increasingly perfect the development guidelines for a socialist-oriented market economy.

Second, developing a socialist-oriented market economy brings the following achievements:

(1) In the Vietnamese economy, many forms of ownership, many economic components and types of enterprises and production and business organizations have been formed. Economic entities are free to do business, contributing to the development and affirming their role in the national economy. The state economy has gradually promoted its leading role[1]. The collective economy develops and switches to a new model that is more suitable for the modern market economy. The private economy is increasingly affirmed as the most important driving force of the economy[6]. Foreign-invested economy is an important part of our country's economy.

Market factors and markets have had significant development, gradually synchronizing, associated with regional and world markets. Market mechanisms are increasingly playing a decisive role in mobilizing and allocating development resources. The manufacturing factor market continues to have a development step. The capital market and the corporate bond market have gradually become an important capital mobilization channel for businesses[7]. The stock market and insurance market, despite difficulties, continue to develop[8]. The real estate market is increasingly expanding in terms of capital, quantity, scale, product types, and number of participating enterprises. The labor market has basically been formed, there have been developments in breadth and depth, and operational efficiency has been gradually improved. The science and technology market has developed positively[10], gradually promoting its role as a connecting and linking with regional and international markets.

State management and administration of the market economy has been innovated more practically and effectively[11]. The State manages and operates the economy using legal tools, plans, planning, policies and macroeconomic regulation tools. Administrative modernization through the application of information technology and e-government development is being accelerated[12]. The Government's management and operation capacity is becoming more and more efficient[13]. The role of the market is valued, gradually moving towards playing a decisive role in determining the prices of goods and services. The role of society and social organizations is increasingly promoted in the economy, contributing to the shortcomings of the State and the market. Reform administrative procedures, remove difficulties for production and business, and improve the investment and business environment are being promoted. Many barriers to market participation have been removed; the investment and business environment has been significantly improved, creative startups and business development has been more vibrant. Vietnam's Economic Free Trade Index, Component index of Free Trade, Global Innovation Index (GII) were improved and upgraded[14].

International economic integration has been proactively and actively implemented, a bright spot in the development of the socialist-oriented market economy in the past 10 years. As of October 2024, Vietnam has established trade relations with more than 230 countries and territories, signed 17 FTAs with over 60 countries, major partners globally and bilateral, multilateral, regional and inter-regional economic linkages, opened potential export markets, mobilized and attracted FDI investment, ODA aid from leading partners in the world, thereby mobilizing investment capital, new knowledge, technology and other important resources from outside, actively contributing to economic growth and economic restructuring.

The socialist orientation continues to be maintained in the development of a market economy in Vietnam. The goal of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization" has been gradually implemented. With a significant increase in the potential and scale of the economy, which has basically ensured social security, focused on improving social welfare for the people, and people's lives have been constantly improved. The relationship between salary and income distribution is mainly based on an agreement mechanism and depends on labor productivity. The basic salary and regional minimum wage continue to be adjusted up. Policies for people with revolutionary contributions, social assistance, social security, poverty reduction, and improving people's lives (especially policies and solutions to support businesses, workers, and people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic) have been fully and promptly implemented, ensuring "no one is left behind". State budget investment in education continues to increase[15]. The rate of poor people tends to decrease, the middle class increases and accounts for the majority, the rate of rich people also increases rapidly. The Human Development Index (HDI), Vietnam's happiness index are constantly improving[16]. The mastering role of the people in developing the socialist-oriented market economy is promoted.

(2) Promoting Rural Development and Rural Development associated with growth model innovation and economic restructuring has promoted the economy to grow steadily and gradually improve, and the scale of the economy has expanded. In 2024, Vietnam's GDP at current prices is estimated at VND 11,511.9 trillion, equivalent to USD 476.3 billion, forecast to be 33rd in the world; GDP (according to PPP) will reach about USD 1,559 billion, ranked 3rd in Southeast Asia, 25th in the world; GDP per capita at current prices is estimated at VND 114 million/person, equivalent to USD 4,700, an increase of USD 377 compared to 2023[17]. Vietnam has left the group of developing countries with low incomes to become a developing country with average income. The quality of economic growth has been gradually improved. The relationships of evidence in developing a socialist-oriented market economy are better resolved. The implementation of the policy of rapid and sustainable economic development, three strategic breakthroughs and new economic development models and methods have achieved many positive results[18]. Developing an independent and self-reliant economy associated with extensive international integration has achieved certain achievements[19].

b) Limitations

First, in institutionalization and concretization work:

(1) ownership institutions, mechanisms and policies to promote multi-component economic development, developing types of enterprises still have many conflicting, overlapping, and inappropriate regulations, causing difficulties for production and business activities[20].

(2) Institutions for synchronous development of market factors and development of some types of markets are lacking and have many shortcomings.

(3) The policy of rapid and sustainable economic development, three strategic breakthroughs, new economic development models and methods are slow to be institutionalized and concretized.

(4) The work of "leg recognizing" international commitments is still slow and incomplete, affecting the ability to take advantage of opportunities brought about by international integration.

Second, in developing a socialist-oriented market economy:

(1) Economic components have developed but have not met expectations. The implementation of the leading role of the state economy is still limited. Collective economic organizations and cooperatives are mostly small-scale, with weak internal capacity. The private economy develops but lacks sustainability, not meeting the role of an important driving force of the economy. The foreign-invested economy has not yet created a spillover effect to domestic economic regions.

(2) The economy has not yet fully operated according to market rules; market factors and developed markets are not synchronous. The organization and operation of the state apparatus are slow to be innovated; decentralization and delegation of power are not effective, with too many centralized powers at the central and ministerial levels; the effectiveness and efficiency of state management of the economy have not met the requirements of developing a socialist-oriented market economy, have not fully promoted the positive aspects and limit the spontaneity, negativity, and shortcomings of the market economy; have not clearly separated the function of performing social tasks from the function of production and business of state-owned enterprises; auditing, inspection, and supervision activities are still overlapping, effective and not highly effective. Publicity, transparency, accountability are still low, lacking a mechanism to evaluate the performance of state administrative agencies according to output results.

(3) Promoting innovation and innovation associated with growth model innovation and economic restructuring has not met expectations[21]. The growth model is not based on the foundation of science, technology, and innovation. Restructuring economic sectors is still slow, there has not been a breakthrough, the internal strength of the economy is still weak, the productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness of the economy are not high.

(4) Resolving some defensive relationships has not been highly effective.

(5) The implementation of the policy of rapid and sustainable economic development; implementation of three strategic breakthroughs and new economic development models and methods are still inadequate.

(6) Developing an independent and autonomous economy associated with extensive international integration is still limited.

3.2. CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES, CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, PEOPLE, SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

a) Achievements

(1) On building and developing Vietnamese culture

The legal system in the cultural field is built, promulgated, amended and supplemented. The legal framework for cultural activities has been gradually improved. The laws are issued, focusing on preserving national cultural identity, aiming to build and develop Vietnamese culture and people.

Building and implementing a national value system, a cultural value system and Vietnamese human standards associated with preserving and developing a Vietnamese family value system is being researched and established at both the national and local levels. The task of building a cultural environment and cultural life is being widely deployed nationwide. The system of cultural institutions continues to be improved from the central to the grassroots level. The cultural life of the people is rich. The task of building culture in politics and culture in economy has been practically implemented. Cultural industry, cultural services and cultural markets have been gradually developed and achieved positive results. International cultural integration is expanding.

The patriotic education campaign associated with the patriotic emulation and the Movement "All people unite to build a cultural life" has been widely deployed nationwide. Promote the strength of national solidarity in building and developing the country, in line with the development trend of society, effectively promote the implementation of grassroots democracy regulations.

The work of preserving and promoting traditional cultural values continues to receive attention. Many tangible cultural heritages have been restored and embellished. Many intangible cultural heritages are collected, taught, and practiced. The policy of socializing cultural heritage conservation activities has attracted social resources to participate in protecting national cultural identity.

(2) On human construction and development; shaking social morality, building a national value system, a human and cultural value system of Vietnam

Vietnam's human resources have now undergone major changes in quality, the rate of trained workers is increasing day by day, the Vietnamese human resource index is constantly improving, at a good level in the world, high in middle-income countries and Southeast Asia.

The issue of comprehensive human construction and development, social ethics, and building a system of human and cultural values is carried out step by step in accordance with the development conditions of each stage of the renovation period, associated with synchronous and comprehensive innovation in different areas of social life.

Cultural, artistic and mass communication activities have actively contributed to aesthetic education, improving creativity, production, promotion and aesthetic appreciation for the people. The work of theory and criticism of literature and art has been gradually innovated, contributing to affirming the positive, progressive, and humane values in creativity in the field of culture and arts.

(3) Regarding the development of science and technology, education and training associated with innovation

The development of science, technology and innovation has made great contributions in all fields. Social Sciences and Humanities have conducted many studies to serve the planning of guidelines and policies for national development, improve people's knowledge, change lifestyle towards modernity, humanity, progress, form a new cultural value system with standards suitable for the progressive development of the times; contribute to reducing social conflicts, consolidating the great solidarity bloc, developing personality, developing comprehensive people, promoting traditional Vietnamese cultural values to new heights. Natural Sciences, science and technology in sectors, fields, regions and localities have made very important contributions to the training and development of highly qualified human resources, especially postgraduate, contributing significantly to Vietnam's proactive participation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

The implementation of the 8th Central Resolution of the 11th tenure on fundamental and comprehensive innovation of education and training, meeting the needs of industrialization and modernization in the context of a socialist-oriented market economy has achieved initial results. The legal system and mechanisms and policies for education and training development continue to be innovated and improved. The education system continues to develop, be consolidated and rearranged one step at a time. The scale and network of educational and training institutions have developed widely, better meeting the diverse learning needs of the people. Investment in education is receiving more attention. State management of education and training has had important innovations. The autonomy mechanism and the mechanism for providing public services in education and training have been gradually institutionalized and initially achieved results. International cooperation and integration in education and training continue to be promoted. In particular, tuition exemptions and support have been implemented for preschool children, primary school students, and students of general education programs in the national education system.

(4) On social policy implementation and sustainable social development management

Gradually perfect the institutional framework on social development management and effectively implement social policies, ethnic and religious policies; develop the labor market, towards building harmonious, stable and progressive labor relations, approaching international standards. Ensure basic social security, pay more attention to social welfare for people; policies for meritorious people are being implemented better and better; continue to improve salary policies; expand social insurance; develop a comprehensive health system, care for and improve people's health. People's lives have improved significantly, many health indicators of the people are superior to many countries with the same level of development. The goals have been completed and the Millennium Development Goals have been reached early. The expansion of international cooperation has actively and effectively supported the implementation of social policies.

(5) On resource management, environmental protection and climate change adaptation

The system of policies, laws and a comprehensive database on resource management, environmental protection and climate change response are more complete. State management in these areas has been strengthened, responsibility and efficiency in state management have been improved. The exploitation and use of natural resources is increasingly economical and reasonable. Forest protection, afforestation and biodiversity conservation have had many positive changes. Economic growth has initially changed towards green transformation, with many models of green economy, digital economy, circular economy, green industry, and green urban areas appearing.

b) Limitations

(1) On building and developing Vietnamese culture

The awareness of the position and role of culture in the development of the country of some Party committees is still limited, not commensurate with the role of culture in new conditions; culture has not been placed on par with economics and society. The implementation of promoting the role of culture as the spiritual foundation of society, the endogenous strength of the country, is not commensurate with the potential; the degradation of ethics and violence in society, especially school violence, is complicated.

Cultural institutions are still slow to innovate, not up to date and meet development requirements, are overlapping, lack of synchronization, and are quickly outdated. The allocation of resources for cultural development is not commensurate, unsynchronized and there are no effective solutions to develop digital culture and network culture.

The number of literary and artistic works with high ideological and artistic values is still limited, some works still follow mediocre tastes, low quality; many artistic units have difficulties in operations. The difference in enjoying culture, arts, physical education and sports between regions and areas, especially mountainous areas, remote areas and areas, is still a large gap.

The degradation of political ideology, ethics, and lifestyle has not tended to decrease. There are no effective solutions to prevent and repel serious degradation in some aspects of culture, ethics, and lifestyle, causing social outrage.

Building a cultural environment and cultural life still has many limitations. The cultural and social environment continues to be polluted by social evils, corruption, waste and negativity. Cultural life in ethnic minority areas, remote areas still faces many difficulties.

Building culture in politics, culture in economy is not sustainable, the evaluation criteria are unclear, and have not really come into life. Cultural activities have not gone into depth, there is still a phenomenon of running in form, tending to be movements and entertainment alone. The coordination mechanism between ministries, branches and local authorities at all levels in organizing and implementing cultural movements and cultural activities is still lacking in rhythm and synchronization.

Cultural industries and markets for developed cultural products and services have not yet commensurate with potential. There is still a lack of breakthrough mechanisms and policies to unlock resources as well as create a legal basis for cultural industries to accelerate and develop.

Overall, the work of preserving and promoting traditional values and cultural heritage relics has not been properly valued. State investment in the cultural sector is still low, not commensurate with the position and role of culture. The policy of socializing cultural heritage conservation activities is not effective and not commensurate with potential. The system of legal documents on cultural heritage still has some general regulations, lacking synchronization with some other laws, some issues arising from practice have not been amended and supplemented in a timely manner.

The results of international cultural exchanges and cooperation are still modest. There is no national coordination mechanism for international cultural exchanges and cooperation.

(2) On human construction and development; shaking social morality, building a national value system, a human and cultural value system of Vietnam

The awareness of the role of building and developing comprehensive people, building a system of Vietnamese human and cultural values by many Party committees and authorities at all levels is still incomplete and comprehensive, not meeting the requirements of sustainable national development. The content of human development is still unfavorable, focusing only on training and fostering knowledge, not paying attention to educating political ideals, ethics, and lifestyle. The problem of social ethical shocks in some places, at times only emphasizes the fight against negativity and social evils, not focusing on inheriting and promoting the positive and good values of traditional culture and building new cultural and ethical values. The study and absorption of humanity's cultural and progressive ethical values is still limited and passive.

Although the values and standards of Vietnamese people and culture have been initially formed, they are not clear, and have not been studied and issued a system of Vietnamese human and cultural values during the period of industrial revolution, industrial parity and international integration as a basis for implementation in practice.

(3) Regarding the development of science and technology, education and training associated with innovation

Regarding the development of science and technology: The process of motivating and developing science and technology still has many shortcomings; has not created a healthy environment for scientific and technological development activities in accordance with international practices. Lack of policies and mechanisms to encourage businesses to innovate. The mechanism for testing new policies, accepting risks in deploying and applying new technologies, innovate, and new business models is not really suitable. Lack of effective mechanisms and policies to mobilize social resources for science, technology, innovation and digital transformation, including resources from businesses.

The issue of productivity and efficiency in scientific, technological and innovation activities is still limited, not in line with its inherent capacity and potential as a resource for national development. The formation and organization of the implementation of scientific and technological tasks has not really been associated with the development of strong research groups, associated with the development of key scientific and technological organizations of the country, ministries, branches and localities.

Regarding education and training, the issue of fundamental and comprehensive innovation in education and training is not synchronous, lacks systematicity, and does not achieve the goals set in the Education Development Strategy 2011-2020. Innovation in education thinking in the context of a slow market economy and international integration. The quality of education at all levels is still limited, only meeting the requirements of human resources for the country's development at an average level, widely, not meeting the requirements of high-quality human resources; higher education is still lagging behind other countries in the region and the world; educational methods have not promoted the positivity and creativity of learners, have not focused on training skills and qualities for learners; the effectiveness of educational investment is not commensurate with the policy of education as the top national policy.

The education and training system has not really met the requirements of development and international integration, lacking synchronization and poor connectivity between levels and between education and training methods. School facilities and teaching equipment are still lacking, and difficulties have not met the requirements of educational innovation. State budget investment has increased but has not met the requirements for educational innovation and development. Education access still has significant differences between regions and social groups.

(4) On social policy implementation and sustainable social development management

Some sustainable social development goals still face many challenges and difficulties, limitations: (i) Low productivity and quality of labor, lack of sustainability in employment; (ii) The goal of building harmonious labor relations is still difficult, lacking a solid foundation to build healthy and sustainable labor relations; (iii) The coverage rate of social insurance and unemployment insurance is not high; (iv) The coverage of social assistance is still limited, the current basic support level is low; (v) The rate of rural people having access to clean water according to national standards is still low; the goal of developing social housing still faces many difficulties; (vi) Ensuring food safety and nutrition has not been given due attention, and the health facilities have not provided adequate primary health care services.

There are major differences in living standards and development indicators between population groups, areas; between poor and non-poor groups, and many unresolved social problems.

(5) On resource management, environmental protection and climate change adaptation

The legal system, mechanisms and policies on environmental protection and climate change response still have shortcomings, overlaps and are not synchronous. The awareness of compliance with the law on management, economical and efficient use of natural resources, environmental protection, and adaptation to climate change is still low. Environmental protection has not become a consciousness, action, habit, lifestyle, and culture of the people.

Sanctions to prevent and handle violations that are not deterrent and ineffective; State management of resources, environment, and climate change adaptation in some aspects is still lax, the trend of profit-taking and immediate benefits in resource exploitation is slow to be overcome; slow conversion of energy structure towards saving, increasing the proportion of renewable energy and new energy is still slow.

State resources and the revenue from natural resources and environment are not commensurate. Investment in the environment and climate change adaptation is still limited.

3.3. PRACTICES OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE, SECURITY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS

3.3.1. On national defense and security

a) Achievements

(1) Achievements in defending the Fatherland and the absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of the Party over national defense, security and armed forces

The basic and comprehensive achievements are the firm protection of the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland, national and ethnic interests, protection of the Party, State, People and socialist regime; maintaining political stability, order and social safety: The goals and tasks of protecting the Fatherland are well implemented. The combined strength has been promoted, raising the role and responsibility of all forces, all organizations and all people in the cause of defending the Fatherland. methods of protecting the Fatherland in both armed and unarmed ways, used flexibly and flexibly, have promoted the combined strength and role of forces, organizations, and all people in performing the task of protecting the Fatherland. It has created a change in the awareness of friends - foes to the awareness of partners - subjects; basically, cadres, party members and the majority of people have had the correct awareness of partners and subjects, applied them to consider and correctly resolve them in specific situations. The relationship between building and defending the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has been focused on at all levels and sectors in all areas of social life.

Proactively grasp, evaluate, and accurately forecast the situation in the world, region, and country to advise the Party and State on strategies and solutions to protect national interests and security and enhance the country's position and prestige; perfect viewpoints, guidelines, and policies to protect the Fatherland in the new situation. In particular, in the past 10 years, a comprehensive and synchronous implementation of the Fatherland Protection Strategy, National Defense Strategy, Military Strategy, National Security Protection Strategy, National Border Protection Strategy, Cyber Security Protection Strategy, National Cyber Security Strategy and other specialized defense and security strategies has been developed and implemented. Well organize the work of protecting political security; economic security is guaranteed; cultural security, information and communication security, network security are enhanced.

In the process of innovation, the Party's leadership mechanism for national defense, security and armed forces has been thoroughly grasped and seriously implemented, ensuring the maintaining and strengthening of the Party's absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of national defense, security and armed forces. The Army Party Committee and the Central Public Security Party Committee have seriously implemented the Party's resolutions and directives, the leadership capacity and fighting strength of Party organizations have been improved. Grassroots party organizations are built to be increasingly clean and strong. Party committees at all levels have been built, perfected, have comprehensive leadership capacity, have reasonable numbers and quality, and have an increasingly complete structure.

(2) Achievements in protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, when the water is not yet at risk

Proactively grasp and control the situation, especially in vulnerable areas, border lines, sea areas and islands under sovereignty; firmly protect sovereignty and territorial integrity. Despite facing many difficulties and challenges, especially the sabotage of hostile and reactionary forces, we have proactively grasped and controlled the situation, especially in vulnerable areas, border areas and the East Sea; firmly protected sovereignty and territorial integrity, firmly consolidated the national defense posture and the people's security posture.

Proactively detect, have plans and countermeasures to prevent war and conflict risks early and from afar and control factors that may cause sudden disadvantages well: Proactively grasp the situation of strategic adjustments of countries, especially major countries, international events related to Vietnam, of plots, tricks, and methods of sabotage activities of hostile and reactionary forces to organize effective fighting and prevention. Proactively develop and practice plans to ensure security and order in areas, especially strategic areas and key targets; promptly prevent and neutralize many plots and activities that cause disorder, sabotage, terrorism, riots, and overthrow. Proactively prevent, prevent, and prevent political changes, promptly and effectively resolve disorder and riot activities in some key areas; detect, fight to prevent the inactivation of activities of elements opposing and taking advantage of the names of democracy, human rights, religion, and nation; do not form opposition political organizations. Absolutely protect the safety of political, economic, defense, security goals, political and cultural events of the country, international activities held in Vietnam; contribute to creating a peaceful and stable environment for national development, enhancing Vietnam's position in the international arena.

Proactively fight against all types of crimes in a timely and effective manner: Resolutely and synchronously deploy many measures to reduce crimes; promptly and thoroughly handle complex issues of crimes and law violations, especially for dangerous criminal crimes, organized and transnational crimes. The fight against economic crimes, corruption, and positions has been highly effective, recovering many misappropriated State assets. Proactively identify and detect new criminal tricks in the fields of securities, real estate, corporate bonds, etc. taking the lead in preventing, responding to, and resolving non-traditional security challenges and fulfilling international obligations.

(3) Achievements in building a national defense and people's security; building a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with building a people's heart posture

The awareness of all levels and sectors from the central to local levels and the people about building a national defense and people's security; building a national defense posture, a national defense posture associated with building a solid people's heart posture in the cause of building and defending the Fatherland is increasingly correct and complete.

The national defense posture and the people's security posture are being built and consolidated more and more firmly; combining the national defense posture with the people's security posture is deployed synchronously and has new developments. Building a people's heart position in the national defense and people's security is increasingly focused on and achieved many results.

Pay attention to building a strong people's armed forces, focusing on building a revolutionary, disciplined, elite People's Army and People's Public Security, gradually modernizing, some military branches, service groups, and forces moving straight to modernity, organizing the apparatus to be adjusted in the direction of "refined, compact, strong, flexible, effective, and efficient operations", meeting the requirements and tasks in the new situation, truly being the core force in the cause of defending the Fatherland. Build a strong reserve force with reasonable organization and increasingly high quality of synthesis; arrange in the direction of streamlining focal points and areas, balancing between regions. The militia and self-defense force is built strongly and widely in sectors and localities, with basic numbers and staffing in accordance with actual conditions and task requirements; attaching importance to the quality of militia and self-defense forces, especially political quality, promoting the active role of military groups of communes, wards and towns. Actively implement the Project "building a permanent militia squadron to participate in protecting the sovereignty of seas and islands in the new situation"; Project "building a permanent militia fighting post on the land border" in the new situation.

Increasely better implement the effective combination of socio-economic development with strengthening national defense, security and foreign affairs in each socio-economic development strategy, planning and plan. The defense and security industry has made an important contribution to the autonomy of weapons and equipment of the armed forces. In the direction and implementation of the State, it has created close and unified the construction of a national defense posture and a security posture with the overall planning of the country and provinces and cities on socio-economic construction and development, combined the arrangement of economic zones with national defense and security postures, built infrastructure, defense works, adaptation works to withstand natural disasters, floods, and reduce damage; built underground works, battlefield equipment, and strategic rear to defend in war situations; formed strong strategic areas in terms of economy, national defense, and security according to the requirements of the task of protecting the Fatherland in the new situation. National defense and security have adjusted plans, postures, and arranged forces to facilitate cooperation and economic development. On the basis of economic development, the ability to reserve and mobilize facilities for national defense, security and national defense tasks has been increased. Gradually localize and administrationalize a number of islands and activities at sea; both building and developing the marine economy and strengthening national defense and security, contributing to affirming the sovereignty of the sea and islands of the Fatherland.

b) Limitations

(1) Limitation in protecting the Fatherland and the absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of the Party over national defense, security and armed forces: The awareness of a number of cadres, party members and people about the goals and tasks of protecting the Fatherland is not complete and profound. National defense and security have not been properly enhanced at times and in some places, and the combined strength of the political system and the people has not been fully promoted to carry out the task of protecting the Fatherland; there are still situations that are "surprising and passive". At times, there are signs of separation in both awareness and action in the process of implementing methods of defending the Fatherland. The resolution of the relationship between building and defending the Fatherland still has limitations and inadequacies in practice. The ability to concretize the Party's viewpoint on partners and subjects of the Vietnamese revolution in the new situation and the ability to flexibly and creatively apply that viewpoint in practice in some specific cases are still confusing. The work of grasping the situation and forecasting strategic plans for national defense and security is sometimes not close and proactive. Many issues that caused social problems were slow to be resolved. The security, order, crime, and social evils in some areas and areas are sometimes complicated, especially in remote, isolated, and mountainous areas, with "hot spots" and cases that cause political and social instability. The operation of the Party's leadership mechanism and State management of national defense and security still has shortcomings. The leadership of some Party committees at all levels is not yet equal to the requirements of national defense, security, and national defense tasks in the face of new situations and tasks.

(2) Limitation in protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, from the time the water is not yet at risk: The viewpoint of protecting the Fatherland early, from afar, from the time the water is not yet at risk has not been fully and deeply grasped in research activities, forecasting, and strategic consultation to maintain a proactive strategic position; do not be passive or surprised in any situation. State management of the task of protecting the Fatherland still has loopholes and is losing vigilance. Research, forecasting and strategic consulting work, proactively preventing from afar and promptly resolving risks that are limited at times, present at times, and at times.

Grasping, evaluating, and forecasting the situation is not specific and timely. sometimes, some places are not really focused and determined, the coordination between agencies and units in protecting internal security and ideological security is not strict. The motto of directing and implementing methods of national defense is not really flexible and creative, especially the effective method of non-armed struggle is still limited.

(3) Limitations in building a national defense and people's security; building a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with building a people's heart posture: Leadership, direction, and organization of the implementation of Resolutions, directives, and decrees of the Party, State, and Government on building a national defense posture, a people's security posture; building a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with building a people's heart posture in some local Party committees with limited presence. The State's management and management of promoting and mobilizing the construction of potential forces, forces and postures still has limitations and inadequacies; the coordination between forces in consolidating and strengthening national defense and security is not very good, and the combined strength of forces in building and consolidating national defense, security and protection of the Fatherland is not promoted. Operating the mechanism of leadership, national defense and security management, building a national defense and people's security still faces difficulties and inadequacies. Building potential, forces, the national defense posture and the people's security are still limited. Investment resources for national defense and security are still limited and not commensurate with socio-economic development. The defense and security industry has not met the requirements for modern equipment for the armed forces. The work of building a people's heart position, especially building a people's heart position on sea and island areas, is still limited.

In some areas and fields, in some situations, the security of the people and the people's security posture has not been truly built, solid, comprehensive, effective, synchronous, sustainable, regular, and continuous. The national defense posture, associated with the people's security posture, is sometimes not tight and synchronous in some places. Crime, social evils, security and order in some areas have not been strictly controlled and managed at times, especially in remote, isolated and mountainous areas. Building, managing, and training reserve forces to encourage and militia forces in some agencies and localities still have many shortcomings. The overall quality of the reserve force and militia is still limited.

The awareness of combining socio-economic development with strengthening national defense, security and foreign affairs among some cadres, party members and people is not complete and profound; there is also a phenomenon of taking the economy seriously and taking national defense and security lightly. The mechanism for leadership, management, and operation to resolve economic-social relations with national defense, security, and foreign affairs is not tight, and operations are still confused. The organization and implementation of socio-economic development with strengthening national defense, security and foreign affairs in some sectors, fields and localities is still not proactive, passive and synchronous. The combination of economic, cultural and social development with consolidating and enhancing national defense, security and foreign affairs in some localities and units is ineffective.

3.3.2. On foreign affairs

a) Achievements

Foreign affairs have contributed to maintaining and consolidating a peaceful and stable environment, maintaining the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Fatherland and protecting the socialist regime; breaking the situation of isolation, surrounding, and embargo; bringing relations with countries and partners into depth, stability, and sustainability, especially continuing to establish, expand, and strengthen a network of comprehensive strategic partners, strategic partners, and comprehensive partners with partners of strategic importance to the sustainable development of the country. Foreign affairs, along with national defense and security, strengthen the protection of the Fatherland early and from afar, when the country is not yet in danger; make positive, responsible and constructive contributions to peace and cooperation, thereby constantly enhancing Vietnam's position in the region and in the international arena.

Foreign affairs have been elevated, achieving outstanding results, from a country surrounded and embargoed, to date, Vietnam currently has diplomatic relations with 194 countries and territories, has strategic partnerships and comprehensive partnerships with 38 countries, including strategic partnerships and comprehensive strategic partnerships with all 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, the world's top 7 developed industrial countries (G7) and 17/20 largest economies in the world (G20). Our Party has relations with 253 political parties in 115 countries around the world, including 92 communist parties, 63 ruling parties, and 38 parties participating in ruling and political alliances. The National Assembly has relations with the laws and parliament of more than 140 countries. The Fatherland Front, organizations and people's organizations have also implemented practical foreign affairs with 1,200 people's organizations and foreign partners. National defense, security and foreign affairs majors are increasingly expanding, making important contributions to the results of Party foreign affairs, State diplomacy and people's foreign affairs.

After 40 years of innovation, Vietnam has been taking on many international responsibilities, promoting an active role in many important multilateral organizations and forums such as ASEAN, the United Nations, the Mekong sub-region, APEC, AIPA, IPU, UNESCO, the United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP), the Belt and Road Summit Forum...; Vietnam has been trusted by international friends to be nominated to shoulder many important international responsibilities in multilateral mechanisms and forums, especially in ASEAN and the United Nations, such as non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for two terms (term 2008-2009, term 2020-2021), Vice Chairman of the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly, member of the United Nations Human Rights Council. 2023-2025, UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Law Committee international term 2023-2027... Regarding participation in United Nations peacekeeping forces, by mid-2025, Vietnam has sent more than 1,000 military and police officers to deploy as individuals and units on duty in Africa and the United Nations Headquarters in New York; dispatching forces to carry out international rescue missions in Türkiye and Myanmar.

Foreign affairs have actively contributed to the implementation of the task of maintaining independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, while gradually resolving many issues on land and sea borders with relevant countries, creating a legal basis and favorable conditions for border management, protecting sovereignty, expanding international cooperation, contributing to consolidating peace and stability in the region. With China, Vietnam has signed a Land Border Agreement and completed the demarcation and marking on land; signed the Agreement for the Definition of the Gulf of Tonkin and the Agreement for the Fisheries of the Gulf of Tonkin; signed an Agreement on the Fundamental Principles for Directing the Resolution of Sea Issues. Along with demarcation, marking, and agreements on regulations on management of land borders between Vietnam and China; agreements on border gates and regulations on management of land border gates between Vietnam and China, are very important for the work of protecting territorial sovereignty, protecting and developing peaceful and friendly borders between the two countries. For Laos, both sides have completed a project to increase the thickness and renovate the Vietnam - Laos border system on the field. For Cambodia, the two sides have completed the demarcation and marked the 84% of the land border[22]. At sea, Vietnam has signed bilateral agreements on cooperation in resolving overlapping areas with Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, and facilitating the expansion and enhancement of cooperation.

After 40 years of renovation, Vietnam has economic, trade and investment relations with 224 markets in all continents; promoted international integration, participated in more than 500 bilateral and multilateral agreements in many fields, attracting a large amount of FDI capital. Foreign affairs have contributed to expanding and deepening cooperation with many countries and international organizations, strengthening economic cooperation with many partners, contributing to ensuring the macro economy, major balances, promoting economic growth, boosting import and export, attracting many new resources, including FDI, ODA, science and technology... putting Vietnam in the group of 32 largest economies in the world and 20 leading economies in trade and attracting foreign investment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, proactive efforts and active implementation of foreign guidelines and policies, especially vaccine diplomacy, have helped Vietnam mobilize valuable and timely support from international partners to effectively respond to and control the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been highly appreciated by the international community.

Comprehensively and strongly implement the work of overseas Vietnamese over the past 40 years, especially since the Politburo (9th tenure) issued Resolution 36, Directive No. 45 on continuing to implement Resolution No. 36, with the viewpoint: Our Party and State always consider the overseas Vietnamese community as an inseparable part of the Vietnamese ethnic community, the work of overseas Vietnamese has many achievements. According to statistics by the end of 2024, the number of overseas Vietnamese investment projects in Vietnam is 422 projects, with a total capital of 1.725 billion USD; the amount of bribes sent through banks by overseas Vietnamese reached nearly 250 billion USD, contributing to supporting families and relatives, actively contributing to the development of the country. Overseas Vietnamese people are increasingly raising their sense of national pride, patriotism, attachment to their homeland, solidarity, mutual assistance, rising up in life, and integrating into their home country.

Foreign information and cultural diplomacy have been innovated and effectively implemented, contributing to promoting the country and people of Vietnam, especially the great achievements of historical significance; the spirit of great national unity, a rich, diverse culture, imbued with national identity; the heroic, loyal, friendly, affectionate and peace-loving Vietnam; the safe, friendly, stable, integrated and developing Vietnam. Foreign information work also fights and promptly and effectively opposes bad, toxic, offensive information, opposes the Party and State, opposes the People, promotes the image and ideological values of President Ho Chi Minh and Vietnamese figures honored by UNESCO; strives to mobilize UNESCO to recognize him as a heritage[23]

In the process of building and implementing foreign policy guidelines, 40 years of renovation, a comprehensive and modern diplomacy, with three pillars: Party foreign affairs, State diplomacy and People's foreign affairs, has been increasingly consolidated and developed. Along with the development of science and technology and globalization, the means and tools that can be used for foreign affairs and diplomacy are also increasingly developing. Foreign affairs work has kept up with the development of the situation, becoming more and more diverse, from the participants, partners to methods and tools.

b) Limitations

The country's new position and strength have not been optimally promoted. Relations with some partners are not commensurate with the potential and framework of the relationship; the level of intertwination of benefits and effectiveness in some aspects and fields is not high. For some important partners, the level of trust is still low, not uniform and not really sustainable, causing the relationship to develop but not really stable and healthy, including some obstacles that cannot be resolved in the short term; The content of the relationship is still not commensurate with the framework and scope of the relationship such as economic cooperation is still limited, lacking " Strategic" projects[24].

The monitoring, implementation, and urging the implementation of international agreements, commitments, and cooperation is still limited, with "bottlenecks" in relations with some important partners...

Institutional reform in some areas has not kept up with the comprehensive and extensive international integration process. International economic integration is not closely linked to the requirements of improving efficiency, sustainable development, protecting political security and social order and safety, preserving and promoting national cultural identity. International integration in defense, security, culture, society and some other areas has not gone into depth, has not been closely linked and created the desired positive momentum for the international economic integration process.

The effectiveness of mechanisms and coordination between ministries, branches and localities has not yet been truly closely and deeply connected. Strategic research and forecasting are still limited, not creating high unity in awareness of the international situation, of urgent challenges as well as opportunities for the country.

3.4. PRACTICE OF BUILDING AND ADJUSTING A CLEAN AND STRONG PARTY AND POLITICAL SYSTEM

3.4.1. On Party building and rectification

a) Achievements

(1) Achievements in maintaining the nature, purpose, ideological foundation, and principles of organization and operation of the Party

Faced with major difficulties and challenges in the country, unfavorable fluctuations in the communist and workers' international movements, and the sabotage of hostile forces, our Party has maintained the revolutionary nature of the working class, firmly applied and applied, developed, and defended Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology; firmly pursued the goal of national independence and socialism; firmly followed the Party's renovation guidelines; firmly adhered to the principles of Party building to build and firmly protect the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

(2) Achievements in Party building in politics, ideology, and ethics

Firstly, the achievements in Party building in politics: Vietnam's path to innovation and the path to socialism is increasingly improved. Goals, characteristics, basic directions and major regulatory relationships are concretized, more clearly defining the characteristics of socialism, creating momentum for innovation and comprehensive development of the country in the new period. Develop guidelines for building and perfecting the socialist rule of law state; guidelines for building and rectifying a clean and strong Party, improving the leadership and governance capacity of the Party. The organization of the implementation of the Party's resolutions has been gradually innovated, ensuring timeliness and efficiency from the Central to the grassroots level. After 40 years of implementing the Party's reform guidelines, it has brought about great achievements of historical significance, making the country develop strongly and comprehensively compared to previous years of renovation. Our country has never had such a foundation, potential, position and international prestige as today.

Second, achievements in Party building in ideology: Party building in ideology is valued and promoted. The quality and effectiveness of ideological and theoretical work have been gradually improved. The Party's theoretical thinking has developed. The theoretical system on innovation guidelines, social housing and the path to social housing in Vietnam is supplemented and developed. The work of training and fostering political theory has been innovated in both content and method. The work of implementing the resolution, propaganda work is focused on, innovated, and the quality is increasingly improved. The leadership and direction of press and publishing agencies and cultural and artistic work have had positive changes. The work of protecting the Party's ideological foundation and fighting against erroneous and hostile viewpoints has clearly changed, especially the implementation of the fight in cyberspace has been focused on leadership, direction, and achieved clear results. The work of forecasting, grasping ideological situations, handling information, and orienting public opinion has been carried out promptly, persistently, and persistently.

Third, the achievements in Party building in ethics: The work of theoretical education, fostering, practicing qualities, ethics, and revolutionary traditions for Party members and cadres has had positive changes, going into order. Party committees at all levels pay attention to and attach importance to building and promoting the spirit of setting an example for cadres and party members in performing their assigned duties and tasks and practicing revolutionary ethics, professional ethics, public ethics in daily work, associated with studying and following Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality and style. Supervisory activities to carry out the cultivation and training of ethics and lifestyle of cadres and party members have been innovated, especially promoting the role of the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations participating in supervision.

(3) Achievements in building a model of the overall organization of the political system

Over the past 40 years, the Party's organizational apparatus has been improved many times and is continuing to be innovated and rearranged according to the principle that the Party's organizational system is established in accordance with the State's administrative organization system and ensures the strengthening of the Party's leadership, while the Party's leadership tasks do not overlap with management tasks. The organization of the Party apparatus at the Central level has undergone strong changes: The Party Central Committee's advisory agency has only 6 departments and 4 public service units[25], reducing 2 departments. The two bloc Party Committees and Party delegations, Party executive committees in State agencies, the Vietnam Fatherland Front, and socio-political organizations have terminated their operations and replaced them with the establishment of 4 Party Committees directly under the Central Government, which are the Party Committees of the Party Agencies at the Central level, the Government Party Committee, the National Assembly Party Committee, the Party Committee of the Fatherland Front, and Central mass organizations. The Party's apparatus at the provincial level is also arranged and streamlined similar to the Central one.

The organization of the National Assembly has been strongly innovated to properly perform the functions and tasks of the National Assembly and has brought about many positive results. The responsibility and professionalism of the National Assembly has been strongly and synchronously innovated towards increasing the number of full-time National Assembly deputies. The institutional system of the President has undergone major changes in terms of name, position, role, functions and authority. The Government apparatus from the 9th Congress to now has been adjusted in the direction of streamlining, managing in many sectors and fields, gradually overcoming the cumbersomeness and overlap in functions and tasks between ministries and ministerial-level agencies. Implement the arrangement and streamlining of the apparatus in the spirit of Resolution 18 of the Central Committee (2017), the 15th Government was streamlined to include 14 ministries, 3 ministerial-level agencies and 5 agencies under the Government, reducing 5 ministries and 4 agencies under the Government[26]. Regarding local government, it has merged provincial-level administrative units, not organized district-level organizations, merged commune-level unions and built a 2-level local government organization model with 34 provinces, cities and 3,321 communes, wards and special zones.

Since 1986, the organizational system of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations have had adjustments more suitable to the country's development practices, increasingly promoting the role of gathering forces for supervision and social criticism. Implement the arrangement and streamlining of the apparatus in the spirit of Resolution No. 18-NQ/TW (2017), the Vietnam Fatherland Front will operate under a new model from July 1, 2025 with the arrangement of 5 socio-political organizations, 30 mass organizations assigned by the Party, the State and other mass organizations under the Vietnam Fatherland Front, organized and operating uniformly in the Vietnam Fatherland Front; at the same time, end the activities of civil servant unions and armed forces unions. The organizational structure of the apparatus in socio-political organizations has also been streamlined.

(4) Achievements in building grassroots party organizations, improving the quality of party members: After nearly 40 years of innovation, grassroots party organizations have been established systematically, deeply and widely across all grassroots units[27], especially in the past 10 years, grassroots party organizations have been reviewed and improved in sync with innovation and arrangement of the apparatus, political system, economic organization, and public service units. have built, consolidated, perfected, and arranged organizational models of grassroots party organizations; built, perfected, and organized the implementation of regulations on functions, tasks, and working relationships of grassroots party organizations and working regulations of grassroots party committees. The work of building a clean and strong grassroots party organization and consolidating weak party organizations has been given attention and direction. The activities of grassroots Party committees, Party cells and Party committees have been innovated, the quality of life of Party committees and Party cells has changed periodically, and thematic activities have had positive changes. The assessment and classification of the quality of grassroots party organizations has been innovated, the review results are becoming more and more substantial.

The Party members have developed strongly in quantity, structure has improved, quality has been improved[28]. The rate of party members in the country's population is 5.4%. Most Party members have political courage, are steadfast, comply with the Party's guidelines and policies, the State's policies and laws; good moral qualities; uphold a sense of responsibility towards the Party, the people, be exemplary, complete assigned tasks, maintain internal solidarity, actively participate in activities to maintain close relationships with the people and places of residence. The work of developing party members has received attention and has had new changes. Party membership cards have been renewed throughout the Party, contributing to improving the effectiveness of Party member management according to the provisions of the Party Charter. The work of inspection, supervision, reward, and discipline of party members is valued and innovated, implementing the dismissal, dismissal, and resignation of party members.

(5) Achievements in personnel work and internal political defense. The team of cadres at all levels has matured and developed in many aspects, the quality of the team has been improved after 40 years of renovation. The number has increased, the qualifications in all aspects have improved a lot; overall, the structure of the staff has become more and more reasonable; the structure of age, gender, ethnicity, occupations, and fields of work has ensured more harmony and balance; the number of staff is planned quite abundantly, basically ensuring transition between generations. Personnel work has undergone many innovations, with positive and effective changes. For the first time, 100% of the arrangement of provincial and municipal Party secretaries directly under the Central Government and heads of inspection committees at the commune level are not local people; 50% of heads of provincial inspection committees are not local people. Resolutely handle the responsibility of leaders; promptly encourage resignation and dismissal, and replace disciplined and degraded cadres according to the motto "in, out", "up, down". The work of handling cadres who violate party discipline and state laws, especially for some senior cadres, including key leaders, has been directed by the Central Government to be strict, strict, timely, and quickly improve personnel for replacement, affirming political will, high solidarity and unity in the entire Party, and the determination to build our Party to be truly clean and strong. Assessing cadres as increasingly democratic, objective and substantial. New regulations and rules on personnel work have been developed, supplemented, amended and issued. The content, process, methods and methods in personnel work are increasingly improved and have many innovations, democracy, objectivity, publicity, transparency, ensuring the correct Party principle of unifying leadership in personnel work and managing the staff. The work of planning, training, rotating, and arranging cadres has had positive changes, increasingly disciplined. Internal political protection work has been directed by Party committees and organizations at all levels, organized and implemented and achieved many results, contributing to building and protecting the Party, protecting the regime, and ensuring political security.

(6) Achievements in mass mobilization work, building close relationships with the People: Mass mobilization work has received attention and has had a step of innovation along with the promulgation and implementation of many policies and strategies for economic development, ensuring social security, eliminating hunger and reducing poverty; improving the material and spiritual life of the people. Apply many forms of mobilization, gathering people to implement the Party's guidelines, policies and laws of the State and actively participate in Party building, State building, building the great national unity bloc, contributing to strengthening the people's trust in the Party, the State and the close relationship between the Party and the People.

(7) Achievements in the Party's inspection, supervision and discipline work: The Party's inspection, supervision and discipline work has been strengthened, with many innovations, achieving important results; quality, effectiveness and efficiency have been improved. The document system on inspection and supervision work is built synchronously, closely, scientifically, and closely following reality. Inspection and supervision activities of Party committees and inspection committees at all levels have been promoted, achieving quite comprehensive results, especially at the central level. Inspection committees at all levels have been assigned additional tasks of controlling assets and income; increasing disciplinary authority at all levels for party organizations and have comprehensively performed tasks according to the provisions of the Party Charter with increasingly improved quality and efficiency. Inspection work has been stepped up and deepened, creating a new breakthrough in the work of detecting and handling corruption. Strengthen strict handling of party organizations and party members who violate. Through inspection, supervision, discipline, order and discipline in the Party, it is tightened, with the effect of warning, warning, deterring, and preventing violations against the Party organization and cadres and Party members.

8. Achievements in the fight against corruption, waste and negativity: The work of building and perfecting institutions on corruption, waste and negativity prevention and control has made strong progress, increasingly improved and synchronous. The work of detecting and handling corruption, waste and negativity has been led, directed and implemented methodically, resolutely and effectively, proactively detecting and handling strictly, without forbidden areas or exceptions. International cooperation on corruption prevention and control has been strengthened, improved the effectiveness and expanded corruption prevention and control activities, waste and negativity to the non-state sector. A system of agencies and units for corruption prevention and control has been formed. The establishment of the Central Steering Committee on preventing and combating corruption (now the Central Steering Committee on preventing and combating corruption and negativity) under the Politburo, headed by the General Secretary and re-established the Central Internal Affairs Committee as both a Party advisory committee and a standing agency of the Steering Committee; locally, the Provincial and Municipal Party Committee Steering Committee on preventing and combating corruption and negativity was established; the Provincial and Municipal Party Committee's internal affairs committee was established to advise the Party Committee on internal affairs and corruption prevention and control work, creating a special institution in the political system, with sufficient strength and authority to lead and direct strongly and comprehensively the work of preventing and combating corruption, waste and negativity nationwide. Education and propaganda on preventing and combating corruption, waste and negativity, building a culture of integrity, no corruption and negativity have received attention.

9. Achievements in innovating the Party's leadership and governance methods: Through the process of innovation, the Party's leadership and governance methods have undergone many innovations, achieving many important results. The leadership role and prestige of the Party continue to be maintained and enhanced, strengthening the people's trust in the Party, the State and the socialist regime. The Party Central Committee, the Politburo and the Secretariat have led and directed the implementation of many tasks and solutions to remove bottlenecks and bottlenecks, respond quickly, promptly and effectively to difficult and complicated situations that are unprecedented, and have been highly appreciated by cadres, party members and people. The awareness and responsibility of Party committees and organizations, the pioneering and exemplary role of cadres, Party members and leaders in propagating, mobilizing and organizing the implementation of the Party's policies and guidelines have been enhanced. The arrangement of the apparatus, promoting decentralization and delegation of power, promoting the initiative and creativity of Party committees and organizations at all levels have been strengthened, gradually overcoming the situation of making excuses, replacing or loosening the leadership role of the Party. The quality of the cadre team has been improved, the assignment, appointment, and introduction of Party cadres to leadership and management positions in the political system is increasingly strict. Inspection and supervision work has been promoted, contributing to tightening discipline and order in the Party. The work of administrative reform, style innovation, and working style of the Party is focused on.

b) Limitations

(1) In maintaining the nature, purpose, ideological foundation, and principles of organization and operation of the Party. A part of the Party organization, cadres and Party members are degraded, lack pioneering and exemplary role models, lose Party spirit, manifesting "self-evolution", "self-transformation", far from the goals, ideals and nature of the Party. Theoretical work has not met requirements, and some new, difficult, and complicated issues have been clarified. The implementation of the Party's organizational principles, especially the principle of democratic centralism in some places, is not strict, even violates, loses internal solidarity, local manifestations, and group interests. Self-criticism and criticism in many party organizations have not overcome the formal situation, are cautious, avoid, and are afraid of collisions.

(2) In Party building in politics, ideology and ethics. The institutionalization of some Party resolutions and policies into laws and policies of the State is not complete and timely. The organization and implementation is still a weak link and is slow to be overcome. The propaganda and education of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology was sometimes, sometimes still rigid and giao ducally disregarded, and in some places, even not really valued, making the results not as expected. The study and dissemination of the Party's resolutions still shows signs of Formality. grasping the ideological situation of cadres and party members, the aspirations of the people and orienting public opinion at times and in places lacks initiative and timeliness. The work of protecting the Party's ideological foundation and fighting against erroneous and hostile viewpoints is still limited; the control and prevention of bad and toxic information is sometimes passive, confusing, lacking sharpness and persuasion. The management of press, media, publishing, especially social network management, has not met the requirements of ideal education, revolutionary tradition, and low ethics. The management of cadres and party members in some places is not strict. The situation of degradation in ethics, lifestyle, corruption, waste, negativity, saying things that do not go hand in hand with doing, saying things differently, doing things differently is still complicated. Some officials violated to the point of having to be disciplined and criminally prosecuted, including senior leaders and managers, reducing people's trust in officials.

(3) In building grassroots party organizations, improving the quality of party members. Currently, villages and residential groups have many party members, and there is no consensus on the establishment of party organizations. The work of building and developing party organizations and party members in non-state enterprises still faces many difficulties, the number of grassroots party organizations is very low, the number of party members in each Party cell is small. The leadership capacity and fighting strength of a few grassroots party organizations are still limited; in some places, they lose fighting strength, reducing the people's trust in the Party. Overseas grassroots party organizations still face many difficulties. The quality of Party activities in some places is still formal, the fighting spirit in self-criticism and criticism is still low. The work of evaluating and classifying the quality of grassroots party organizations and party members is still not substantial. The quality of a number of Party members is limited, their capacity and qualifications do not meet the requirements of the renovation cause. Regulations on exemplary responsibility of cadres and party members have not been implemented regularly, becoming a lifestyle of each party member. The pioneering, exemplary and moral qualities of a part of the Party members have declined; the number of Party members who have to be removed from Party activities tends to increase. Party member management has not received due attention, especially in grasping the political ideological situation of party members. The application of information technology in Party member management is still inadequate, not meeting the requirements of the practical situation. The work of developing party members in some places is still following in the numbers.

(4) In building a model of the overall organization of the political system. The innovation process comes before implementing breakthrough solutions to implement Resolution 18-NQ/TW dated October 25, 2017 "Some issues on continuing to innovate and reorganize the apparatus and the political system to be streamlined, effective and efficient" (August 2025), the innovation and reorganization of the apparatus of the political system is inconsistent, synchronous, and not highly effective, not creating changes in quality. The implementation of some pilot organization models has not been carefully researched, prepared, and strictly directed. The arrangement and innovation of the organization and operation mechanism of the public service unit system is slow and not highly effective. Streamlining the payroll to reduce the number of employees is not really associated with improving the quality and restructuring the team of cadres, civil servants and public employees. The organization of the Party and the political system are still cumbersome, with many levels and focal points. The functions, tasks, powers, responsibilities, and working relationships of some types of Party committees and organizations have not been clearly defined. There are also overlaps in the regulations on the authority and responsibility of the National Assembly, the National Assembly Standing Committee, the Ethnic Council, and the National Assembly Committees. The majority of National Assembly deputies work concurrently. There are no official, complete, or specific regulations on the organization of the President's institutions. The arrangement and reduction of focal points under the Government in the direction of multi-sectoral and multi-field management is still slow; the management organization of some ministries is not in accordance with the scope of management; the quality and efficiency of management of some fields are still limited. The organization of the apparatus within ministries and agencies under the Government still has many intermediary levels. The organization and operation of local governments in some places have not been strongly innovated; the functions, tasks, decentralization and delegation of authority are not very clear, the effectiveness and efficiency of operations are still limited. The implementation of the urban government model in some localities is still confusing and problematic. Court organization is still inadequate. The organization of the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations is still slow to innovate; there are also signs of industrialization in activities and civil servants for full-time staff.

After implementing the revolution of organizing a streamlined, strong, efficient, effective and efficient political system (August 2025), a comprehensive model of organizing the political system with strong innovations has been formed such as: Building a party organization system in accordance with the administrative organization system; streamlining the central agencies of the Party, National Assembly, Government, and the Fatherland Front. The legal system has been reviewed and amended to ensure synchronization and remove barriers to development. End the district level, implement the organization of local government at 2 levels of province, city and commune, ward and special zone levels.

However, the revolution in organizing the political system is only the beginning. To truly achieve the requirements of streamlining, compactness, strength, efficiency, effectiveness and efficiency, there are many things that need to continue to be implemented to open up favorable conditions for the cause of national construction and development such as: Completing the operating mechanism in each agency and organization; innovating the work of evaluating and using cadres; national digital transformation; improving the comprehensive life of the people.

(5) In personnel work and internal political protection. The staff is generally not strong; there is a shortage of good leaders, managers, scientists and leading experts in many fields. Many cadres, including senior cadres, lack professionalism and working skills in an international environment. Many young cadres lack courage and are afraid to train. A part of corporate management staff lacks to cultivate, train revolutionary ethics, take advantage of loopholes in mechanisms, policies, and laws, intentionally doing wrong things, taking advantage of, causing loss of state capital and assets, and causing serious consequences. A part of the cadres has declined in political courage, showing signs of degradation in political ideology, ethics, lifestyle, "self-evolution", "self-transformation". Some leaders and managers, including high-ranking cadres, lack of exemplary role models, low prestige, capacity and qualities not equal to the tasks, officials, are far from the people and individualists, and are involved in corruption, waste, negativity, and group interests. The number of cadres subject to disciplinary action and legal action tends to increase.

Some stages of personnel work still have limitations and shortcomings that are slow to overcome. The assessment of cadres is still weak, still formal, not substantial, respectful, sluggish, and afraid of conflicts; the work of planning cadres is still scattered; the work of appointing cadres in many places has not really come from the requirements and tasks; the work of appointment has not been well done, leading to a situation where violations are discovered after the appointment. The selection, arrangement and use of cadres in some places has not been strictly controlled, leading to the situation of correct procedures but not the right people, the situation of appointing, arranging relatives, appointing "fast" ... Slowly having mechanisms and policies to promote and promote the team of experts and scientists. The mechanism for controlling power in personnel work is not highly effective, the situation of abuse of power, squandering power, manipulating power, and profiteering in personnel work is slow to be prevented, pushed back, and even present more sophisticatedly than before.

The awareness and responsibility of Party committees and Party organizations for internal political protection work is not really profound. There are also some cases that do not ensure political standards, degraded to leadership agencies at all levels. The management of cadres and party members related to foreign factors in the context of extensive international integration still has many shortcomings. The implementation of regulations on protecting State secrets by some agencies and organizations is still weak and unveiled.

(6) In mass mobilization work, build close relationships with the people. The implementation of the Party's resolutions and directives on mass mobilization work at some Party committees is still ineffective. Propaganda, mobilization and persuasion work for the people at times and in some places is still not formal and effective, far from reality, not close to the level, customs and practices of the people. The innovation of the content and methods of operation; the work of gathering and developing union members and association members; the construction and consolidation of the great national unity bloc have not met the requirements of the new situation. Some policies of the Party, policies and laws of the State issued but not balanced resources for implementation and not really linked to the reality of people's lives, have revealed many shortcomings. The bridging role of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations between the People and the Party and the State in some localities and grassroots levels is not clear. The role of the People in participating in social supervision and criticism has not been fully promoted.

(7) In the work of inspection, supervision and discipline of the Party. The work of inspection, supervision and party discipline has not fully met the requirements in the new situation, the quality and efficiency are not uniform at all levels. The inspection and supervision of the implementation of a number of Party resolutions is not regular. Inspection work in some places lacks determination, focus, and key points. The review, amendment, supplementation, and promulgation of processes and regulations on inspection and supervision work at some Party committees and organizations are sometimes not timely; there are contents that are not in accordance with regulations and instructions from superiors or practical situations. Supervision work, especially regular supervision, is still limited, and signs of violations by party organizations and party members have not been detected and identified in a timely manner, so the effectiveness of early and remote prevention of violations is not high, leading to huge consequences when conducting inspections and handling. The enforcement of party discipline in some places is not strict, there is still a phenomenon of being shy and afraid of collisions. Some inspectors are not really exemplary, violating party discipline and State laws.

8. In the fight against corruption, waste and negativity. Propaganda and education on preventing and combating corruption, waste and negativity, building a culture of integrity and thrift are still limited. The work of building and perfecting institutions in some places is sometimes slow, not meeting requirements. The work of organizing the presence of cadres has not kept up with practical requirements. The implementation of some solutions to prevent corruption, waste and negativity is still formal; inspection and assessment are not regular, so the effectiveness of preventing corruption, waste and negativity is not high. The work of detecting and handling corruption, waste and negativity in some localities, ministries and branches has not had clear changes. The effectiveness and efficiency of supervision activities of elected bodies, elected representatives, the Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations at all levels and the people in preventing and combating corruption, waste and negativity is not high. The situation of corruption, waste and negativity is still complicated, causing particularly serious consequences; there are connections and linkages between degraded and distorted cadres and enterprises.

9. In innovating the Party's leadership and governance methods. There is still a situation of issuing many documents, some documents are still general, spread out, overlapped, slow to supplement, amend, and replace, so the effectiveness and efficiency of the Party's leadership in some areas is not high. Some major policies and orientations of the Party have not been institutionalized in a timely and complete manner or have been institutionalized but are not feasible. The functions, tasks, powers, and working relationships of organizations, individuals, and leaders have unclear content, the boundaries between leadership and management have not been specifically defined; decentralization and delegation of power are not strong. Administrative reform, style innovation, and working style in the Party have not really met the requirements of the new situation.

3.4.2. On building a socialist rule-of-law state of Vietnam

a) Achievements

The model of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state is constantly being perfected, operating according to the mechanism of "Party leadership, State management, People's mastery", contributing significantly to the achievements of building and defending the Fatherland. The legal mechanism ensures consistent implementation of the principle that all state power belongs to the people and has been basically built. State power is unified, reasonably assigned, and is more strictly limited by the Constitution and the law.

The institutionalization of the Party's guidelines and policies on the organization and operation of the National Assembly in the Constitution and the legal system is increasingly complete, associated with the process of innovating the organizational structure, improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the National Assembly's operations. Legislative work has been improved and perfected through the National Assembly terms. The National Assembly has implemented decisions on important issues of the country with increasingly better results. The National Assembly's supervision activities have many innovations, quality and efficiency have been improved.

After the institution of President was re-regulated from the 1992 Constitution, the position, role, tasks and powers of the President were fully regulated in the Constitution and a number of related laws. Based on the provisions of the Constitution and the law, the President has fully and effectively fulfilled his duties and powers, affirming his position and role as head of state, representing the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in internal affairs and foreign affairs.

The Government apparatus is being arranged and perfected to be increasingly streamlined, with fewer focal points according to the model of a multi-sectoral, multi-sectoral state management ministry nationwide; quality is improved; operations are effective and efficient. The determination of the authority of the Central and local governments is being handled with attention. The organization and operation of local governments have had initial innovations in a positive direction, the role of the People's Council has been gradually promoted. Administrative reform, focusing on administrative procedure reform, has been promoted, creating a favorable and open environment for socio-economic development.

The organization and operation of the People's Court has many important innovations, more suitable to its constitutional position as "the judicial body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, exercising judicial rights". The organization and operation of the People's Procuracy continue to be improved more appropriately, effectively implementing the policy of "strengthening prosecution responsibility in investigation activities" and "improving the quality of litigation at court", fighting injustice and leaking away from crime. The organization and operation of the Investigation Agency are consolidated in the direction of concentration, unity, in-depthness, and expertise. The organization and operation of enforcement agencies have been improved and their effectiveness has been improved. The field of judicial assistance and legal aid is being focused on developing both institutionally and practically in terms of organization and operation.

The institutionalization of the Party's policies and guidelines into laws has been increasingly fully and effectively implemented. The areas of the Vietnamese legal system are focused on building, reviewing and perfecting. The process and procedures for developing and promulgating legal documents have been completed with many innovations. The work of organizing the implementation of the law ensures closer connection with the work of building and perfecting the legal system. The implementation of law enforcement has been seriously implemented by competent state agencies. Inspection and examination of compliance with the law has been strengthened.

More perfect the institution of managing cadres and civil servants. The training and fostering of cadres and civil servants has been innovated in a way that is suitable for the subjects of training, fostering and requiring tasks. The team of state cadres and civil servants is built in a streamlined and professional direction; the quality of the cadre team is constantly improved, better meeting the requirements of the task.

The fight against corruption, waste and negativity in the state apparatus has been actively implemented with many measures, achieving many results, very importantly, synchronously preventing and combating both at the central and local levels.

The role of the Fatherland Front, member organizations, and social organizations participating in contributing, building and perfecting the rule of law State has been constantly enhanced; socialist democracy continues to be valued; the Vietnam Fatherland Front and member organizations have demonstrated their central role in promoting democracy and the people's mastery, especially in elections, law-making, supervision, and social criticism.

b) Limitations

The structure of National Assembly deputies for many terms has not changed fundamentally. The quality of National Assembly deputies is not uniform, in some cases there is a stronger structure than quality[29]. The professionalism and solidarity with voters in the election area of some delegates are still not high; the conditions to ensure the activities of delegates are still limited. Discipline and order in law-making work are sometimes not strict[30]. The process and methods of law making, and the quality of some existing laws have not met the requirements[31]. Some forms of supervision do not have complete processes and procedures for unified and effective implementation. The review and evaluation of the results of the questioning have not met the requirements.

The regulations on the authority and responsibility of the Government as the highest state administrative agency of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the executive agency, the enforcement agency of the National Assembly, especially in relations with the agencies exercising legislative and judicial powers are not yet clear enough. Decentralization and delegation of power between the central and local governments and between local government levels is still not scientific and effective, and there is still a situation of high concentration at the central level. The activities of the People's Councils are sometimes formal and sometimes not very effective. Administrative reform has not met the requirements of national development, administrative procedures in some areas are still cumbersome and slow to be resolved. The organization and operation of urban government still has some limitations and inadequacies.

The mechanism to ensure the independence of the Court according to the authority of independent trial, judges, and associate judges and only comply with the law is not yet complete; the team of court officials and civil servants is still lacking. Many agencies and units are lacking investigators; the regime and policies for the Investigation Force are not really suitable. The work of enforcing criminal judgments in the community has not been highly effective. The legal system still has some inconsistent regulations, lacking practicality, and still has loopholes and overlaps. Law enforcement is still a weak link; discipline and order in law enforcement are generally not strict.

The quality of the team of cadres, civil servants, and public employees, including the team of leaders and managers in some sectors, fields, agencies, units, and localities is still limited and lacks professionalism. Cadre work still has many limitations. The salary policy is still inadequate. The mechanism for controlling power is not yet complete; corruption, waste, and negativity, although reduced, are still complicated. The role of the Fatherland Front, member organizations, and social organizations participating in contributing to building and perfecting the rule of law state has not been fully promoted; human rights and citizen rights have not been fully promoted, and there are still violations in some places.

3.4.3. Completing and promoting socialist democracy; building and promoting the great national unity bloc

a) Achievements

The law on promoting democracy, ensuring mastery, and promoting the strength of the people is increasingly improved. Implementing the Party's regulations and the State's laws on socialist democracy, promoting the strength of the People has achieved many important results. Democracy in the Party is constantly being expanded and enhanced. Implementing democracy in state agencies and public service units has had many changes and progress. Promoting democracy in socio-political organizations has also made much progress. Promoting democracy in all fields of politics, economics, culture and society has made important and positive progress.

Democratic life in society has made much progress, people exercise the right to mastery, promote creativity and ensure consensus in society. Democratic activities in elected, administrative and judicial agencies at all levels have had remarkable improvements and have received high support from the people. Closely combine economic innovation with political innovation, maintain social stability, and create conditions to strengthen the great national unity bloc. International solidarity is increasingly developing, contributing to enhancing Vietnam's prestige and position in the region and the world.

The Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations are increasingly innovating their content and methods of operation, becoming the center of the great national unity bloc, playing a good role as a bridge between the Party, State and people, participating in building the Party, State and the political system, actively contributing to strengthening the great national unity bloc. The innovation in the content and methods of operation of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations is reflected in the following main aspects: First, shifting from monotonous content and methods of operation, propaganda and persuasion is mainly to the content of grasping and promptly reflecting the thoughts, aspirations and needs of members and caring for and protecting the interests of members. Second, strongly shift from the situation of administrationalization, to democratization of activities, promoting dynamism, proactiveness, and creativity. Third, constantly being expanded, diversified and flexible.

b) Limitations

In some places, awareness and practice of democracy and promoting the strength of the People among a group of cadres, party members and people are still limited. Grassroots democracy is still a form, the people's right to mastery has not been completely respected and promoted, and in some areas it has been violated. The legal system, mechanisms, regulations, organization and conditions for implementing democracy and the people's mastery are not yet synchronous. Practicing democracy in the Party and in society still has many limitations.

The trend of formal solidarity has not been completely overcome. The lives of a part of the people are still difficult, the uneven development between regions, ethnic groups, classes, and classes in society... negatively affect the great national unity. The mechanism of "Party leadership, State management, People are the masters" and the motto "People know, people discuss, people do, people inspect, people supervise, people benefit" have not been fully and comprehensively concretized; the people's mastery, especially grassroots democracy, has been violated at times and in some places; the great national unity bloc, the relationship between the Party, State and People has not been truly closely connected at times and in some places.

The role of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations in propaganda, mobilization, mass gathering, and promoting the combined strength of the masses in many places is still inadequate. The role of representation in protecting the interests of members is still vague, not really the support of members. The construction of the organizational apparatus and a team of full-time cadres of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations has not yet met the requirements.

3.5. CAUSES OF ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS

a) Reasons for achievements

The achievements over 40 years of innovation stem from many causes, both objective and subjective, in which the subjective cause is mainly.

Object cause:

The trend of peace, cooperation and development in the world has created favorable conditions for Vietnam to maintain a peaceful and stable environment for socio-economic development, strengthen national defense, security and protect the Fatherland. The development of science and technology, especially the Fourth Industrial Revolution, opens up many opportunities in building and developing the economy in general, as well as in developing a modern, dual-use, modern defense and security industry, ensuring weapons and equipment for the armed forces to become more and more modern. Achievements over 40 years of innovation in the fields of economy, culture and society are the basis for creating a foundation for political stability and increasing national capacity in defense, security and national defense.

Vietnam has an increasingly important geopolitical position in Southeast Asia and Asia - Pacific. Vietnam is valued by the world community for its heroic history, successful innovation, and increasing position and strength. The trend of globalization and regional linkages continues to progress. The trend of changes in the correlation of power between major countries has affected the world situation in the direction of increasing multilateralism and multi-centerlining, increasing the role of multilateral mechanisms, creating favorable conditions for Vietnam to implement an independent, self-reliant, multilateral, diversified foreign policy, international integration, being a trusted friend, partner, active and responsible member of the international community.

Subjective causes:

The great and historic achievements of 40 years of renovation are associated with the comprehensive and absolute leadership and direction of the Party, unified management and effective management of the State, the efforts and mastery of the People. Faced with the great changes of the times, our Vietnam has correctly assessed major trends, important changes in the economic, political, and security situation in the world and the region, and made appropriate and timely decisions. The work of disseminating, thoroughly grasping, implementing and propagating the implementation of the policies and guidelines of the Party and State in all fields has been well implemented. Therefore, social resources have been mobilized to participate in economic, cultural, social development and ensure national defense, security, and foreign affairs.

Our Party has been steadfast, applied and creatively developed Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology; correctly grasped the development of a socialist-oriented market economy, especially the wise in making strategic decisions, shifting from a centralized planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy; identifying economic development as a central task, persistently leading and directing the implementation of economic decisions, supported by the people and actively participating in implementation; promoting the strength of the entire nation, the outstanding, dynamic and creative efforts of the entire people, the entire army, the business community and the entire political system.

The development institutional system is constantly supplemented, improved and synchronized to meet the requirements of building, rapidly and sustainably developing the country and integrating the international economy in each stage, contributing to taking advantage of the advantages of countries behind in applying advanced scientific and technical achievements, creating conditions to pave the way, and promote development in various fields.

In performing the task of national defense, security and protection of the Fatherland, it always ensures the absolute correct and direct leadership in all aspects of the Party, and effective management of the State from the Central to the local levels. National defense and security education work has been focused on and achieved practical results, arousing and promoting the tradition of patriotism and national pride in the new situation.

Solidarity, unity and many innovations in leadership, direction, organization of the implementation of tasks and solutions to build and rectify the Party. The majority of Party committees, Party organizations, and Party members, especially the leaders, have been more deeply aware of the importance and content and tasks of strengthening the work of Party building and rectification of localities and units in the new situation and are determined to lead and direct implementation. Therefore, many new, difficult, and complicated problems arising in practice have been resolved promptly, with results; resolutely overcoming limitations and shortcomings. Along with that, it has effectively promoted the role and responsibility of the Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations and the People in participating in building the Party and the political system. The Party's advisory agencies have proactively and actively advised, guided, regularly inspected and promptly removed difficulties and obstacles in practice.

Our Party has promptly set out a consistent and increasingly improved policy and viewpoint on building a socialist rule-of-law state in Vietnam. State agencies have made many efforts in institutionalizing and organizing the implementation of the Party's viewpoints and policies on building a socialist rule-of-law state in Vietnam.

Many policies and guidelines of the Party and State on implementing democracy, progress, social justice and development have come into life, serving as a basis for perfecting and promoting socialist democracy; promoting the strength of the people; building and promoting the great national unity bloc.

The Vietnam Fatherland Front and mass organizations have made great efforts to better promote the role of gathering and building the great national unity bloc. The achievements of the renovation process create favorable conditions for perfecting and promoting the socialist democracy; promoting the strength of the people; building and promoting the great national unity bloc.

b) Causes of limitations

Object cause:

Low starting and conditions of the economy (especially in the early stages of renovation); the economy in the transition process, increasingly integrating deeply and widely with great openness in the context of the global economy with many unpredictable and unpredictable fluctuations. The competitiveness and autonomy of the economy are not high; restructuring the economy associated with growth model innovation are complex issues that require long-term implementation. Epidemics, especially the COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, droughts, floods, and landslides, have a stronger and more frequent impact.

Innovation in all fields takes place in the context of rapid, complex, and unpredictable changes in the world and regions. Urgent global issues have appeared, increasingly seriously affecting every country, international life and all of humanity. The country's position and strength are still limited. Many new strengths are only potential, not promoted and exploited in a timely manner to serve the promotion of relations between Vietnam and its partners. Non-traditional security challenges are increasingly serious; hostile, reactionary forces and political opportunities are increasing their sabotage. The negative impact of the market mechanism and the process of opening up and cooperating with foreign countries in the process of performing national defense, security and protection tasks.

Subjective causes:

The awareness of the socialist-oriented market economy in some aspects is still slow, not in-depth, and united, such as: Relations between the State, the market, and society; land ownership; resource allocation; role of state-owned enterprises, collective economy, cooperatives, private economy; autonomy of public service units; technology and higher education associated with innovation of growth models, economic restructuring; rapid and sustainable economic development institutions; strategic breakthroughs, models, new economic development methods; methods of developing an independent, self-reliant economy associated with extensive international integration, etc. The awareness in building and organizing institutional implementation in accordance with the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is slow to be renewed, and the strength is still great. A number of cadres, party members, and civil servants have degraded their ethics, lifestyle, and violated public ethics.

The institutionalization and concretization of guidelines and policies for developing a socialist-oriented market economy is still slow and not synchronous. The Party's leadership method on economy, awareness of the position and role of the State in a market economy are slow to be innovated and concretized. In many aspects, it is still affected by the mechanism of centralization, bureaucracy, and subsidy; unreasonable assignment, delegation of authority, and decentralization of economic management; not paying due attention to removing difficulties and supporting businesses when focusing on implementing the policy of prioritizing inflation control, stabilizing the macro economy, and ensuring social security. The law-making process is still limited, not ensuring professionalism, science and efficiency; the capacity and qualifications of a number of cadres, civil servants, public employees, and policy-making agencies are still limited, not meeting the requirements of institutionalization and concretization of the development of a socialist-oriented market economy in the new context, especially in the context of extensive international integration and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Forecasting capacity is limited, leading to a number of proposed policies and solutions being inappropriate, not really creating motivation and resources for development. Some mechanisms, policies, and legal regulations are not yet synchronous, unified, feasible, and do not meet practical requirements. The information system and database are not complete. The implementation organization still has many limitations, weaknesses, is not drastic, effectiveness and efficiency are not high; inspection and control are not strict. This is the basic reason why many policies have not been properly and promptly realized.

The awareness of some Party committees, authorities, and political organizations about the position and role of culture, people, and social management is not complete, comprehensive, not suitable for reality, and not up to date with development trends and international integration. The method of cultural leadership and management is slow to be innovated, not adapting promptly to the movement and development of culture in the period of accelerating industrialization, modernization and international integration. Not fully aware and properly paying attention to the training and fostering of human resources working in the cultural field, especially the team of grassroots cultural cadres. There is not really a connection between economic development policies and solving social problems.

The institutionalization and implementation of the Party's cultural guidelines are still not synchronous, drastic and effective. State management of culture is slow to be innovated. Investment in the cultural sector is not commensurate and is still scattered. Not paying due attention to the training and fostering of human resources working in the cultural field, especially talents and artisans in traditional cultural fields.

The awareness of some Party committees and authorities at all levels is still not complete and clear about the strategic breakthrough role of science and technology associated with innovation; about the necessity and urgency of innovating the scientific and technological management mechanism and innovation. The awareness of climate change is mainly focused on reducing emissions, not focusing on adapting to climate change.

The awareness of education and training has not kept up with the country's development in the context of a socialist-oriented market economy and international integration. Although considered a top national policy, education and training have not yet received due attention from sectors and levels. Party committees and authorities in some places have not focused on allocating resources for education and training in a timely and appropriate manner; the budget for education and training development tends to decrease, investment sources are limited. Institutionalizing policies on educational development is still slow and not synchronous. The work of summarizing practices, research theories, and forecasting comprehensive human development, shaking social ethics, and building a system of human and cultural values has not received due attention.

The propaganda, dissemination and organization of the implementation of national defense, security and protection tasks of some Party committees and organizations have not received due attention and policies but lack specific, synchronous and effective measures. Building a system of policies and laws related to national defense, security, and national defense is still lacking in consistency and overlap between fields, many regulations are not suitable to reality, slow to supplement, amend, and do not have specific mechanisms. The coordination and coordination between departments, ministries, branches, agencies, units and localities in the field of national defense and security is sometimes not tight, rhythmic and synchronous in some places.

The awareness of the position and role of foreign affairs is still lacking in unity, leading to a lack of synchronization and coordination in some places, leading to low efficiency of some foreign affairs activities. The institutional system has not been completed in the conditions of openness, comprehensive and extensive integration with the world. The monitoring and urging the implementation of many international agreements has not been in-depth and drastic, leading to delays and negligence in implementation, reducing efficiency and benefits, especially benefits for localities, businesses and people. The quality of the foreign affairs staff is still uneven, and in many aspects is limited. Resources for foreign affairs have not met the requirements of foreign affairs tasks.

The organization of the implementation of some orientations and tasks sometimes lacks determination and perseverance. Investing resources for task implementation is still limited, and presence has not met requirements.

The problem of democracy in our country has not been resolved well in both theory and practice, many issues have not been clearly resolved, making it difficult to practice democracy. The practice of democracy in our Party and State still has many limitations. Some Party committees, Party organizations, authorities, agencies and units have not promptly grasped the situation of the people and resolved urgent issues arising at the grassroots level, leading to hot spots and insecurity and disorder in the locality. The limitations in Party building, economic construction, social development and the sabotage of hostile forces are factors that have a significant negative impact on the completion and promotion of socialist democracy; promoting the strength of the people; building and promoting the great national unity bloc.

Some Party committees, Party organizations and cadres and Party members have not fully, comprehensively and deeply recognized the role, position and requirements of Party building and rectification in the new situation. The leadership, direction and implementation organization of some Party committees and organizations is not proactive, close and indecisive. The implementation of the Party's organizational principles, especially the principle of democratic centralism in some places, has not been strict, even violated, internal solidarity has been lost, and in some places, group interests have been manifested locally. The coordination between some Party committees and Party delegations and Party executive committees is sometimes not tight, and in some places the efficiency is not high.

The work of researching Party building theories is still limited; building institutions, mechanisms, and Party organization is slow to innovate and improve, not promptly meeting the requirements of building a clean and strong Party in new conditions. Theoretical research and practical summary of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state have not received due attention at times. Theoretical research and summarization of practice on implementing democracy in the Party, in state agencies and in society have not received due attention, and are slow to be fully explained and institutionalized.

IV. GENERAL OVERVIEW, PROBLEMS RAISED AND LESSONS LEARNED

4.1. ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL AWARENESS OF THE REINFORCEMENT WORK

4.1.1. Important developments in the theoretical awareness of socialism and building socialism in Vietnam

First, developing the theory of national independence associated with socialism

Right from its inception, our Party has affirmed national independence and socialism as the goal and ideal of our Party and people; moving towards socialism is an inevitable path of the Vietnamese revolution. The national independence guidelines associated with socialism have been continuously supplemented and developed by our Party throughout the Party's leadership process.

In 40 years of renovation, the Party has always been steadfast, steadfast, and held the flag: "National independence and socialism". The Party's stance in building the country during the period of transition to socialism through Dai VII affirmed: "Safely holding the national independence flag and socialism. That is a lesson throughout the revolutionary process of our country. The documents of the congresses always identify building social housing as the top priority task, defending the Fatherland as a regular and important task, considering them two strategic tasks attached to each other. The 11th National Party Congress supplemented and developed the platform, affirming: "Moving towards socialism is the aspiration of our people, the right choice of the Communist Party of Vietnam and President Ho Chi Minh, in line with the development trend of history".

The 13th National Party Congress has inherited, supplemented and developed the above-mentioned ideological viewpoints, continuing to affirm the " aquired goals of national independence and socialism", considering them "an issue of principle, of vital significance to our regime, a solid foundation of our Party, not allowing anyone to lean or waver".

Second, innovate theoretical awareness of social housing and the Vietnam social housing model

Over 40 years and 8 congresses, the Party's theoretical awareness of socialism has had very important developments in all fields of politics, economy, culture, society, State, Party building, international relations... Socialism as the country's development goal has been generally stated as a society: Rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization; ruled by the people; has a highly developed economy based on modern productive forces and progressive and appropriate production relations; has an advanced culture, imbued with national identity; people with a prosperous, free, happy life, and comprehensive development conditions; ethnic groups in the Vietnamese community are equal, united, respectful and help each other develop together; have a Socialist Republic of People's Power, a Socialist Republic of People's Power, a Socialist Republic of People's Power, a cooperative Party for the People's Union and cooperate with the leaders of the whole world.

The Vietnam Social Policy model, including the goals, characteristics and pillars of socialism, has been increasingly improved and concretized.

Regarding the system of goals, starting from the National Construction Area in the Transitional period to Socialism approved at the 7th Congress, it was determined that "The general goal to achieve at the end of the transitional period is to basically complete the construction of the economic foundations of socialism, with a superior architecture of appropriate politics, ideology and culture, making our country a prosperous socialist country". Through congresses, the Party has always affirmed the common goal of building social housing in our country. At the 13th National Party Congress, the Party added the goal: "strive to become a developed country, following the socialist orientation by the mid-20th century"; "by 2045, Vietnam will become a socialist country with high income".

Regarding the characteristics of social housing. The 7th Congress approved the Principle of National Construction in the Transitional period to Socialism, identifying 6 characteristics of socialism. Through the congresses, up to the 13th National Congress, our Party has identified the Vietnam Social Policy model as 8 characteristics: (1) "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization"; (2) "Thanks to the people's mastery"; (3) "Having a highly developed economy based on modern productive forces and suitable progressive production relations"; (4) "Having an advanced culture, imbued with national identity"; (5) "People have a prosperous, free, happy life, and conditions for comprehensive development"; (6) "Ethnic groups in the Vietnamese ethnic community are equal, united, respectful and help each other develop together"; (7) "Having a socialist rule-of-law state of the people, led by the people, for the People's Party" 8. 8. "Having a friendly and cooperative relationship with countries around the world". The above eight characteristics clearly demonstrate the nature of the social security regime that our Party and People are building, the common, comprehensive goal of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization", the core values, closely related to each other, creating the foundation and guarantee of sustainability and prosperity of the country and the happiness of the People.

Regarding the pillars of the Vietnam Social Policy model, through the process of innovation, in the Party's theoretical awareness, the main pillars of the Vietnam Social Policy model have gradually been formed: Vietnam Social Policy-oriented market economy, Vietnam Social Policy-oriented rule of law state, Vietnam Social Policy-oriented democracy, led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. Among the pillars of the Vietnam Social Policy model, the socialist-oriented market economy plays the role of a basis and foundation, the Socialist Republic rule of law state and the socialist democracy are both the goal, the factor of guarantee and the driving force for the comprehensive innovation process in Vietnam, the leadership role of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the decisive factor.

Third, theoretical awareness of the path to social housing

The awareness of the path to social housing is increasingly complete and complete, expressed in basic directions, major relationships and roadmaps to social housing.

Regarding the direction towards social housing: In the context of the socio-economic crisis, the 6th Congress, with a new approach, proposed 3 major economic programs: food production program; consumer goods production program; export goods production program. The 7th Congress approved the 1991 Roadmap, identifying 7 directions. When the 11th National Congress approved the 2011 Roadmap, it outlined 8 basic directions of the process of building social housing in our country. In 10 years of implementing the 2011 platform, the 12th and 13th National Party Congresses have recognized that the direction of building social housing has some new points.

The 13th National Party Congress continues to affirm 8 basic directions for building socialism in our country: (1) Promoting industrialization and modernization of the country in conjunction with knowledge economic development, rational use of resources, environmental protection, and climate change response; (2) Developing a socialist-oriented market economy; (3) Building an advanced culture, imbued with national identity; building people, improving people's lives, implementing progress and social justice; (4) Ensuring national defense and security, social order and safety; (5) Implementing the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, friendship, cooperation and development, proactiveness and active international integration; (6) Building a socialist democracy, implementing national unity, strengthening the national identity and strengthening the entire national order and the entire social order; (4) Building a strong national defense and security, social order and safety; (5) Building a strong national defense and security, social order and safety; (5) Implementing the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, friendship, cooperation and development, proactiveness and active integration; (6) Building a strong socialist democracy, strengthening the national identity; (7) Building a strong national socialist and equal; (7) building a strong nationalist party, a strong socialist party for the people's rights.

Regarding the major relationships that need to be resolved: The 6th Congress, starting the comprehensive renovation of the country, has identified the overarching relationships: "between stability and development"; "between developing productive forces and perfecting production relations"; "between the Party leadership, the State management, the People's mastery"; "between the economy and national defense, maintaining independence, autonomy and strengthening international cooperation". In the process of perfecting the innovation guidelines, the Party Congresses have supplemented and adjusted these relations.

At the 13th National Party Congress, the Party identified 10 major relationships in the process of building social networks as: (1) Between stability, innovation and development; (2) Between economic innovation and political innovation; (3) Between compliance with market rules and ensuring socialist orientation; (4) Between developing productive forces and building and gradually perfecting socialist production relations; (5) Between the State, market and society; (6) Between economic growth and cultural development, social progress and fairness, environmental protection; (7) Between building and defending the Fatherland of Socialist Vietnam; (7) Between independence, self-reliance and international integration; (7) Between the Party leading, the State managing and the people mastering; (4) Between practicing democracy, strengthening the legal system, ensuring social order.

Regarding the roadmap, steps in the transition period to socialism. The 6th Congress has raised the concept of "first step" with the mission of encompassing, stabilizing all aspects of the socio-economic situation, continuing to build necessary premises for promoting the industrialization of socialism in the next step". After the congresses with specific development steps, the 13th Congress, based on international criteria to assess the development level of each country, has determined the goal according to the time points as follows: By 2025, the 50th anniversary of the complete liberation of the South and national reunification: Be a developing country, have modern industry, overcome low average income. By 2030, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Party: A developing country with modern industry and high average income. By 2045, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: becomes a developed country with high income".

4.1.2. Great achievements, historical significance over 40 years of renovation

The renovation under the leadership of the Party over the past 40 years has fundamentally and comprehensively changed the foundation, potential, position and international prestige of the country, specifically as follows:

In the economic field, the great and outstanding achievement is the construction and development of a Vietnamese socialist-oriented market economy, replacing an outdated centralized, cooperative, and subsidized planned economy. Thanks to that, the country's development potential has been promoted, achieving great and outstanding achievements. Our country has gone from a poor country with outdated and low-educated facilities and technical infrastructure to a developing country with average income, deeply and widely integrating into the regional and global economy.

In the fields of culture, society, and people, theoretical awareness of culture has had many new and outstanding points, considering culture as the spiritual foundation of society, the goal and driving force of development. The policy of building an advanced Vietnamese culture with strong national identity is promoted in practice. Cultural fields all have new developments. The role of culture in contributing to sustainable development is affirmed and increasingly demonstrated.

The viewpoints, policies and guidelines for social and human development are increasingly improved in the context of developing a socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam. Social indicators are constantly improved, people's lives are improved, progress and social justice are focused on. The average life expectancy of people is constantly increasing, reaching 74.5 years old in 2024. The happiness index was raised to 46/143 countries; the human development index (HDI) improved, reaching 0.766 points, a high level compared to countries at the same level of development.

The education and training sector continues to develop with many changes, achieving many great and important achievements, contributing to the overall development of the country. happened to popularize primary education in 2000; popularize secondary education in 2010; complete popularize preschool education for children under 5 years old in 2017. The quality of education and training has been improved and there has been a new step of development. Many fair policies have been implemented in access to education, especially for ethnic minority children in disadvantaged areas. The work of building a learning society has had many positive changes.

The fields of science, technology and innovation have achieved many new results. Clearly recognizing and proposing many solutions to implement the viewpoint of "science and technology are the top national policy", as a "key driving force" to develop modern productive forces. International cooperation and integration in science and technology are enhanced. Clearly identify the content of innovation in the national innovation system, thereby promoting the development of the startup and innovation ecosystem.

In the fields of rational use of resources, environmental protection and climate change adaptation, there has been a new, increasingly complete awareness, becoming an important content in the Party's documents, identified as a focus, in implementing the Congress's resolutions. The viewpoint of "not exchanging the environment for growth" is affirmed and clearly expressed in socio-economic development programs and plans.

In the field of national defense and security, a new, more complete theoretical awareness of the task of national defense, security, and national defense in the new situation has been formed, associated with open foreign affairs activities, international integration, and implementation of " defending the Fatherland early and from afar"; paying attention to "guarding the country when it is not yet in danger". The national defense has developed in both width and depth, becoming increasingly solid. Potential, forces and national defense and security postures are enhanced, gradually meeting the requirements of the task of protecting the Fatherland. There has been closer coordination between departments, ministries, branches and localities, promoting the core role of the People's Army and the People's Public Security in building a national defense foundation, a national defense posture associated with the people's security posture. Coordinated with foreign affairs activities to promptly advise the Party and State to flexibly, flexibly and effectively handle international relations on national defense and security, deploy plans and solutions to prevent the risk of war, conflict, solve border, sea and island problems, etc.

Outstanding achievements in the foreign affairs sector have been the transformation of awareness in foreign relations from rigid distinction between friends and enemies to multilateral, diversified foreign relations, "partners and subjects", "cooperation and struggle". It has broken the blockade and embargo of Vietnam by hostile forces around the world; developed diplomatic relations with 194 countries that are members of the United Nations. Comprehensive partnerships, strategic cooperation, and strategic partnerships have been built with all world and regional powers. Foreign affairs work has contributed to maintaining a peaceful and stable environment, enhancing the country's position and prestige; firmly protecting independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity; solving many problems on land and sea borders with relevant countries, contributing to strengthening peace and stability in the region.

In building a socialist rule of law state in Vietnam, it has gradually ensured the principle that all state power belongs to the people, promoted democracy, the people's mastery, and upheld the Constitution and the law. It has paid attention to building and perfecting the legal system according to the requirements of building a Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state. Vietnam ensures respect and implementation of international law and international commitments that Vietnam has signed. The Party's leadership over the State is guaranteed and constantly improved.

Democracy in the Party is constantly being expanded and enhanced. Implementing democracy in state agencies and public service units has had many changes and progress. Promoting democracy in socio-political organizations has made much progress. Democratic life in society has made much progress. The Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations are increasingly innovating their content and methods of operation, becoming the center of the great national unity bloc.

The work of building Dang has been promoted and carried out synchronously in all fields. Building the Party in politics is valued; building the Party in ideology continues to be promoted, research and education in theory is strengthened, the theoretical system on innovation guidelines, socialist policies and the path to socialist policies in Vietnam continues to be supplemented, developed and increasingly improved. Building a Party in ethics is of special concern, promoting the study and following of Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality and style in the Party and society. Building the Party in terms of organization and cadres has had many innovations and achieved some important results. Mass mobilization work continues to be promoted, contributing to creating consensus, strongly arousing patriotism, self-reliance, the strength of national solidarity and the aspiration to develop a prosperous and happy country. The work of inspection, supervision and party discipline has been promoted, with many innovations, effective and efficient, contributing to strengthening discipline and order in the Party. The fight against corruption, waste and negativity has achieved many important, breakthrough and comprehensive results in both the "room" and "opposite" aspects. The Party's leadership and governance methods for the operation of the political system have been innovated, in line with the economic mechanism and the new international context.

4.2. LIMITATIONS IN THEORETICAL PERCEPTION AND ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTATION

4.2.1. In theoretical awareness

First, in the economic field: Theoretical awareness of the socialist-oriented market economy is not really complete and systematic. Recognize the contents of promoting innovation and innovation associated with growth model innovation, restructuring the economy; building institutions for rapid and sustainable economic development; about strategic breakthroughs that are not in-depth and unclear enough. The awareness of the method of developing an independent and self-reliant economy associated with extensive international integration is still at the most general level.

Second, in the fields of culture, society, and people: Awareness of cultural and social development, people still have many limitations and inadequacies, not fully covering the wide scope, diversity and richness in promoting industrial parks and higher education in the country. The system of cultural values and people of Vietnam has not been fully and systematically recognized. The thinking of cultural development is not yet available, not suitable for the conditions of developing a socialist-oriented market economy and integrating internationally.

The theory of education and training, science and technology is still limited and has not kept up with the world's advances. Actions on social issues, especially social security, social assistance, etc., are not complete and comprehensive. Innovation in thinking on social development, solving social problems is still slow, especially the coordination mechanism between the state, the market and society to participate in solving social problems, not promoting the effectiveness of resource use and keeping up with social development requirements.

Third, in the fields of national defense, security, and foreign affairs: Theoretical awareness of national defense and the Party's absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of national defense, security, and armed forces is not really complete, but there are different understandings. There are limitations in theoretical awareness of protecting the Fatherland early and from afar, and in recording the country when the country is not yet in danger. Theoretical awareness of building a national defense and people's security; building a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with building a people's heart posture is not complete. The content, nature, tasks, and relationships of organizations and forces in peacetime and wartime conditions have not been clearly defined...

Awareness of the position and role of foreign affairs in new international conditions is still limited. Recognizing the new position and strength of the country, of major partners... has not kept up with the process of extensive international integration. Strategic research and forecasting are still limited, not creating high unity in awareness of the international situation, of the country's opportunities to seize, as well as new risks and challenges that need to be limited and overcome.

Fourth, in the field of Party building and the political system: Theoretical awareness of the ruling party in the context of developing a socialist-oriented market economy is not clear enough in terms of concept, content, model, and implementation method. Recognizing and concretizing the relationship of "Party leadership, State management, People mastery" is still slow.

The awareness of Party building theory in terms of politics, ideology, ethics, organization and cadres, including content and relationships, is not very profound in the requirements of Party building work in practice. Some issues on grassroots party organization and building a team of cadres and party members are being studied, amended and supplemented. Theoretical awareness of the Party's mass mobilization, inspection, supervision and discipline work in the new conditions still has limitations. Theoretical awareness of power control and corruption prevention, waste and negativity is sometimes and in some places not really profound, complete and unified. Theoretical awareness of innovation in the Party's leadership and governance methods is not complete and in-depth...

In building a socialist rule of law state, some issues have not been systematically studied and thoroughly resolved, such as the ruling party in the socialist rule of law state; the assignment, coordination, and control of power between agencies exercising legislative, executive, and judicial rights; the relationship between the Party leadership, the State management, and the People's mastery; the relationship between the state, the market, and society; the position and role of the President; the relationship between the President and the National Assembly (legislation), the Government ( act), and the court (prosecution). Some issues surrounding the consultation have not been clarified.

The problem of promoting democracy has not been resolved well in both theory and practice, causing some difficulties in practicing democracy, in the mechanism of "Party leadership, State management, people mastery". The awareness of the relationship between democracy and discipline is not complete and clear, so both have not implemented it well. Theological awareness and thinking about the role and relationship between the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations with the Party and State still have unclear issues.

4.2.2. In implementation

First, in the economic field: Institutionalizing and concretizing the Party's viewpoints on developing a socialist-oriented market economy is still slow and has many shortcomings. Developing a socialist-oriented market economy, including developing economic sectors, especially the private economy, has not been as expected. State management of the economy has not met the requirements for developing a socialist-oriented market economy, has not fully promoted the positive aspects and limited the spontaneity, negativity, and shortcomings of the market economy. The effectiveness and efficiency of state management of the economy is not high.

industrialization and modernization associated with growth model innovation and economic restructuring have not achieved the set goals (the 2020 target set in 1996 cannot be achieved). Growth is still low compared to requirements and potential and tends to decline, gradually decreasing according to the 10-year cycle, the state economy in some areas is ineffective. The gap between rich and poor and the regional gap is still large. The risk of falling behind and falling into the middle-income trap is still high. The implementation of the policy of rapid and sustainable economic development, implementing three strategic breakthroughs faces many difficulties. New economic development models and methods are still few and face many difficulties in operation. Not yet built an independent and autonomous economy associated with extensive international integration...

Second, in the fields of culture, society, and people: Promoting the role of culture as the spiritual foundation of society, the endogenous strength of the country is still limited. Cultural institutions are slow to innovate, not keeping up with and meeting development requirements. The determination and implementation of the national value system, cultural value system, and human standards are still delayed and confusing. Cultural industry develops slowly.

The speed and breakthrough in the development of science, technology, innovation and national digital transformation are still slow; the scale, potential, level of science, technology and innovation in the country is still far from the group of developed countries; research, application of science, technology, innovation have not had a breakthrough, have not mastered strategic technology and core technology; legal institutions, mechanisms and policies have not met requirements; high-quality human resources are still lacking; infrastructure is not yet synchronous, especially digital infrastructure is still limited; information security, safety, data protection still face many challenges.

Basic and comprehensive innovation in education and training is still slow, not achieving the set goals. The education and training system has not really met the requirements of international development and integration, lacking synchronization and connectivity. State budget investment has increased, but has not met the requirements for innovation and development of education and training.

In social and human fields, there are many limitations. Some social development goals have not been achieved. Social labor productivity, low labor quality. The coverage rate of social insurance, unemployment insurance, and social assistance is still low. There are still major differences in living standards and development indicators between population groups in different areas. The values and standards of Vietnamese people and culture have not been clearly formed. The system of Vietnamese human and cultural values has not been issued during the period of industrial parity, higher education and international integration.

The legal system, mechanisms and policies on rational use of resources, environmental protection and climate change adaptation are still lacking, inadequate, overlapping, and unsynchronized. Reasonable use, resource saving, and environmental protection have not become awareness, action, habits, lifestyle, and culture of the people. State management of resources and environment, adapting to climate change in some aspects is still lax...

Third, in the fields of national defense, security, and foreign affairs: Implementing "national defense and security is an important and regular task" is sometimes, some places are not complete, not meeting the requirements. The resolution of the relationship between national construction and defense still has limitations and inadequacies in practical implementation. The Party's leadership mechanism and State management of national defense and security still have shortcomings. In protecting the Fatherland early, there are still loopholes and lack of vigilance from afar. Research, forecasting, and strategic consulting work is sometimes limited, and there are times when it is present. The assessment and forecast of the situation is not specific and timely. sometimes, some places are not really focused and determined in direction and operation. Coordination between agencies and units in protecting internal security and ideological security is not tight. Building a national defense, a people's security and building a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with building a people's heart posture, there are some limitations. Investing in building potential, forces, developing defense and security industries has not met the requirements of modern equipment for the armed forces. The national defense posture, associated with the people's security posture, is sometimes not tight and synchronous in some places. The combination of economic, cultural and social development with consolidating and enhancing national defense, security and foreign affairs in some localities and units is still ineffective. The people's security has not been solidly and comprehensively built in all areas and fields.

In the foreign affairs sector, the country's new position and strength have not been effectively promoted in foreign affairs activities. Developing relations with some partners is not commensurate with the potential and framework of the relationship, lacking " Strategic" projects[32] Institutional reform in some areas has not kept up with the extensive international integration process, creating problems and "bottlenecks" in relations with some important partners...

International economic integration is not closely linked to the requirements of improving efficiency, sustainable development, protecting political security, order, social safety and preserving and promoting national cultural identity. Strategic research and forecasting are still limited.

Fourth, limitations in Party building, political system building and promotion of socialist democracy

Regarding Party building and rectification: There are still limitations in maintaining the nature, purpose, ideological foundation, and principles of organization and operation of the Party. The state of degradation in political ideology, ethics, lifestyle, "self-evolution", "self-transformation" within the organization is still complicated. The effectiveness of the struggle to protect the Party's ideological foundation and refute erroneous and hostile viewpoints is still low. The principle of democratic centralism in some places is not strictly implemented. Self-criticism and criticism in many places are still formal.

In Party building in politics, the institutionalization of some Party policies and resolutions into State laws is not complete and timely; the direction and organization of resolution implementation is still a weak and slow to be overcome. In Party building, the propaganda and education of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology, the Party's guidelines and viewpoints are sometimes and sometimes still rigid and teaching; the content and forms of propaganda and propaganda are not rich. In Party building, the effectiveness of studying and following Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality and style is low, tending to decline, and is formal. Implementing regulations on exemplary responsibility of cadres and party members has not become a disciplined system, and the effectiveness is not high. Self-criticism and criticism in many places are still formal; the situation of being afraid of being attracted, avoiding, and being afraid of collisions still occurs in many places. In building a grassroots party organization and improving the quality of the party membership, there are still many difficulties, problems, and low efficiency. Building and developing party organizations and party members in non-state enterprises is still limited; the activities of grassroots party organizations abroad still face many difficulties. The quality of a part of party members is still limited, the pioneering, exemplary and moral qualities of a part of party members have declined; the number of party members who have to be removed from party activities tends to increase.

In personnel work and internal political protection, there are still limitations that need to be overcome. The policy for cadres still has limitations and inadequacies. The shift of focus from solving historical political problems to grasping and solving current political problems is generally slow. The management of cadres and party members related to foreign factors in the context of extensive international integration still has many shortcomings. The implementation of regulations on protecting State secrets by some agencies and organizations is still weak and unveiled.

In the work of inspection, supervision and discipline of the Party, the inspection and supervision of the implementation of a number of Party resolutions is not regular, lacking focus and key points. The coordination between the Inspection Committee and relevant agencies in inspection and supervision work is not smooth, sometimes, there are still slow tasks, and the effectiveness is not high. In the fight against corruption, waste and negativity, there is not high synchronization between the Central and local governments; some Party committees and leaders are not determined. The institutional and legal system in some areas is still weak, inadequate, and lacks synchronization. Resources for implementing solutions to prevent corruption, waste and negativity have not met requirements. Propaganda, education, and building a culture of integrity, thrift, no corruption, waste, and negativity are still limited. The implementation of some solutions to prevent corruption, waste and negativity is still formal, and is not regularly inspected and evaluated. The effectiveness and efficiency of supervision activities of elected bodies, elected representatives, the Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations at all levels and the people are not high.

In the innovation of the Party's leadership and governance methods, there is still a situation of issuing many documents, overlapping. Some major policies and orientations of the Party have not been institutionalized in a timely and complete manner or have been institutionalized but are not feasible. The overall model of the political system is not yet complete; the functions, tasks, powers, and working relationships of organizations, individuals, and leaders have unclear content; decentralization and delegation of power are not strong. Administrative reform, style innovation, and working style in the Party have not met the requirements of the new situation.

Regarding the construction of a socialist rule of law state, some theoretical and practical issues have not been fully and convincingly resolved. State power has not been effectively controlled, the power control mechanism is not yet complete; the mechanism to ensure the role of the subject and the sovereignty of the people in relations with the State is not complete, the people's mastery rights are sometimes and in some places still violated. The supervisory role of the Vietnam Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations and the People has not been strongly promoted. The awareness of law compliance of some cadres, party members and people is not strict; administrative reform and judicial reform have not met the requirements of national development.

The political determination, leadership and direction of a number of Party committees, Party organizations and authorities in implementing policies and tasks on building and perfecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law have not been commensurate with the requirements.

Institutionalizing some of the Party's viewpoints and policies on building a rule of law state is still limited. The legal system still has some provisions that are not unified, not synchronous, overlapping, the quality of the law is not high, in some areas there is a lack of stability, low forecasting, many amendments... even loopholes, not meeting the requirements of practice in a timely manner. The law enforcement organization still has some limitations that have not been overcome.

The implementation of assignment and clarification of authority and obligations between state agencies still has unclear points. The coordination method between agencies exercising legislative, executive and judicial powers is not yet in sync.

The organizational structure of the State apparatus at all levels is still inadequate, unreasonable, still cumbersome, with many levels. The recruitment, use and evaluation of civil servants are not really based on the principle of a truly talented position, not based on the capacity of the cadre. The accountability of the State in general and of state cadres and civil servants in particular to the people is not high; collective responsibility and individual responsibility have not been clearly distinguished.

Although the structure of the number and quality of National Assembly deputies has been innovated, it is still not really reasonable. The team of civil servants is still inadequate and not streamlined in both the legislative, executive, judicial and socio-political organizations. Treatment policies, including salary policies, have improved, but are still inadequate.

In perfecting and promoting socialist democracy; building and promoting the great national unity bloc: The legal system, mechanisms, regulations, organization and conditions for implementing democracy, the people's mastery are not yet synchronous. Practicing democracy within the Party and in society still has some limitations. The people's right to mastery, especially democracy at the grassroots level, has been violated at times and in some places; the great national unity bloc, the relationship between the Party, State and People at times and in some places has not been truly closely linked.

4.3. PROBLEMS RAISED

4.3.1. The issues raised are continuing to perfect theoretical awareness of socialism and innovation guidelines in the new period

First, general awareness of social housing and the Vietnam social housing model

It is necessary to continue to explain more clearly the theoretical and practical basis, values, forms, and steps, ensuring the suitability of superstructure with infrastructure in the development process according to the socialist orientation.

The overarching goal of a socialist society that our people have built is identified as "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization", which needs to continue to be concretized, supplemented, and further developed. Research on the factors of " releasedness", "happiness", " prosperity" in Ho Chi Minh's ideology, which have been mentioned in a number of documents of the Party to supplement and suit the implementation of the country's development goals in the new period...

It is necessary to further clarify Vietnam's development in the socialist orientation in the general development flow of humanity, and more effectively and effectively implement the viewpoint of "combining the strength of the nation with the strength of the times".

There needs to be a unification of concepts and a clarification of similarities and differences between the "basic characteristics of Vietnamese socialist society" and the "basic characteristics of Vietnamese society in the period of transition to socialism". On that basis, the content of each characteristic is more clearly defined, suitable for each development stage, especially in the face of the need for rapid and sustainable development in the new stage.

Second, awareness of the basic contents of the innovation guidelines is increasingly improved, however, the systematic and synchronous nature in the content of the guiding viewpoints has not been clarified such as: " Goal", "Based orientation", "Containment", "Based Principles", "Based Driving Force", " Implementation methods" ... Given the need for rapid and sustainable development of the country in the new development era, the Party's guiding viewpoints need to be concretized, institutionalized synchronously and appropriately, becoming development viewpoints stated in socio-economic development strategies.

It is necessary to study theory and summarize practice to come up with an approach to core values; on that basis, officially come up with the core values of the Vietnam Social Policy model and innovation guidelines. Research and clarify factors that ensure consistency in nature and level between core values.

Institutions with rapid and sustainable development need to continue to clarify the content of concepts, theoretical and practical bases to build, perfect, ensure the synchronization between component institutions, and have an argumentative relationship with each other.

4.3.2. Issues raised in key areas

In the economic field, there are many major and important issues that have not been fully recognized and resolved, such as: characteristics of a socialist-oriented market economy; development of a multi-component and role-playing economy; the relationship between the "domeland, market and society", the relationship between productive forces and production relations; development of the knowledge economy, digital economy, green economy, circular economy; reasonable use of resources, environmental protection, adaptation to climate change; building an independent, self-reliant economy and improving the effectiveness of international integration... in a socialist-oriented market economy.

In building and developing an advanced Vietnamese culture with strong national identity, many theoretical issues have not been clarified such as: New theories on comprehensive human development and building a national value system, a cultural value system, a family value system and Vietnamese human standards in the digital age; cultural industry, digital culture, preserving and promoting national cultural values, culture in politics, economy...; some policies have not kept up with the country's economic, political and social conditions, not in accordance with international practices and laws.

Many issues on social policies and sustainable social development management have been raised but are slow to be studied and resolved such as: Developing high-quality human resources, population aging, gender gap, rich and poor differentiation, social insurance, social security, social welfare, social governance issues, especially in the context of implementing the two-level local government model...

In the development of science and technology, there are still many systematic bottlenecks and bottlenecks that have existed for a long time, hindering development, not being recognized and resolved synchronously and completely, especially the mechanism for managing scientific activities, allocating resources, and managing finance.

Many issues are not clearly recognized, lacking reasonable and confusing policies in implementation such as: Education and training are the top national policies, education and training governance, autonomy, building a scientific research center, socializing education and training, teacher treatment regimes...

The issue of class unions in the digital age and intellectualization needs to study the shift and relationships between classes to determine the core role in class unions.

In the field of national defense and security, there are still theoretical and practical issues that have not been fully recognized and resolved, such as: Fully and synchronously institutionalizing the Party's viewpoints and guidelines on national defense and security in building and developing the country and protecting the Fatherland early and from afar, protecting the country from the country's danger; special mechanisms and policies to build a national defense posture, a people's security posture associated with a solid people's heart posture; institutionalizing and effectively implementing the principle of the Party's absolute and direct leadership in all aspects, the State managing the armed forces in a centralized and unified manner, combating "civilization", "deopolitification" of the Army and the Police; perfecting the implementation mechanism of combining national defense, security and socio-economic development; strengthening national defense and private security, enhancing national defense and private security; "Defense and national defense" - 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- - - - - - national defense - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - national defense - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 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In the foreign affairs sector, there are still theoretical and practical issues that have not been thoroughly recognized and resolved, such as: institutionalizing the viewpoint of determining foreign affairs and international integration as important and regular; the relationship between foreign affairs and national defense and security; foreign goals for the happiness of the people; building and perfecting foreign affairs theory, diplomatic lines imbued with Ho Chi Minh diplomatic identity; Vietnam's foreign policy in the context of an increasingly clear decentralized world; specialized diplomacy in a comprehensive and modern diplomacy such as digital diplomacy, energy diplomacy...

In Party building, there are many unclared issues such as: Leadership and governance methods, power control mechanisms, and democratic promotion in the conditions of a single ruling party; prevention and control of degradation, "self-evolution", "self-transformation" within the Party, with many limitations. The situation of many leading agencies and many leaders, including senior leaders, violating the principles of Party building, especially the principle of democratic centralism, raises urgent issues but there are no effective measures to overcome them. It is necessary to build mechanisms and conditions to ensure the building of a team of clean, dedicated, dynamic cadres who dare to think and dare to do, prevent corruption, waste and negativity in cadre work. Research on continuing to develop the theory of the ruling party in the context of developing a socialist-oriented market economy, international integration and digital transformation.

Some theoretical issues on the Socialist Republic of Power have not been thoroughly resolved, such as: unified state power but the division, coordination, and control of power between agencies exercising legislative, executive, and judicial powers; position and role of the President. The mechanism for controlling state power is not yet complete; the mechanism for ensuring the people's mastery, human rights, and citizens' rights are not fully promoted. The organization of the state apparatus and the legal system still has many shortcomings. Not yet fully formed awareness and the habit of respecting the law in performing public duties and in social life.

In perfecting and promoting the socialist democracy; promoting the strength of the people; building and promoting the great national unity bloc; building and innovating the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations, many theoretical and practical issues have not been clarified such as: (1) There is not a complete legal mechanism to effectively implement the motto "people know, people discuss, people do, people inspect, people supervise, people benefit". (2) institutionalizing and legalizing in a specific and clear way is still a problem. (3) Forms of direct democracy, especially democracy at the grassroots level, still need to be improved. (4) The monitoring and social criticism of the Fatherland Front and its member organizations are still struggling in both legal aspects and implementation methods.

4.4. LESSONS LEARNED

Looking back at 40 years of innovation, with successes and limitations, we can summarize some of the following lessons:

First, steadfastly apply and develop creatively the ideas of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology; steadfastly defend the goal of national independence and socialism; steadfastly follow the Party's innovation guidelines; steadfastly implement the Party's organizational and operational principles, take development for stability and stability to promote sustainable development, constantly improve people's lives; ensure the highest national interests on the basis of international law and the United Nations Charter; resolutely and persistently defend the country's independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, protect the Fatherland early and from afar; proactively and actively integrate more deeply into world politics, the international economy and human civilization, combine national strength with the strength of the times in building the country, developing the Fatherland and defending the Fatherland.

Second, maintaining and strengthening the leadership and ruling role of the Communist Party of Vietnam is a decisive factor in all victories of the cause of innovation, construction and protection of the Fatherland. Promote the building and rectification of the Party and the political system to be clean, strong and comprehensive. Promote the Party's core political role in shaping development thinking, guiding institutions, shaping strategies, creating social consensus, arousing the aspiration to rise up of the nation. Build a streamlined, compact, strong organizational structure that operates efficiently, effectively, and efficiently. Resolutely and persistently fight against corruption, waste and negativity. Focus on building a team of cadres at all levels, especially strategic cadres with sufficient qualities, capacity, prestige, equal to the tasks and focus on building a team of grassroots cadres close to the people, close to the grassroots, for the people, capable of completing the tasks. Enhance the responsibility and exemplary role of cadres and party members, especially the leader.

Third, thoroughly grasp and thoroughly practice the viewpoint of "People are the root". Promote the role of the subject and the central position of the People. All policies and guidelines must truly stem from the aspirations, legitimate rights and interests and happiness of the people; truly trust, respect and promote the people's mastery; persistently implement the motto "people know, people discuss, people do, people inspect, people supervise, people benefit"; tighten the close relationship between the Party and the People, relying on the People to build the Party and the political system. Taking the satisfaction, trust of people, businesses and work efficiency as criteria for evaluating cadres. Strengthen the consolidation and effective promotion of the strength of the People and the great national unity bloc.

Fourth, closely follow reality, evaluate and forecast the situation correctly; respond proactively, flexibly, promptly and appropriately; lead, direct, operate and organize drastic, focused and key implementation; assign tasks to ensure clear people, clear work, clear responsibilities, clear authority, clear time and results; strictly inspect and supervise to ensure effective implementation of the Party's policies and guidelines. Improve the quality of development institutions, innovate, perfect mechanisms and policies to promptly remove bottlenecks, unblock, promote and effectively use all resources for national construction and development and national defense.

Fifth, constantly innovate thinking, especially strategic thinking; respect objective rules; be consistent, steadfast in strategy, flexible, flexible in strategy; proactively prevent, prevent, and combat subjective diseases, maintain will, principles, opportunities, and conservation. Solve the relationship between inheritance, supplementation and development; between steadfastness and innovation; smoothly and promptly combine practical summary with theoretical research; between practical summary, theoretical research with planning and organizing the implementation of the Party's guidelines, policies and laws.

V. FORECASTING THE SITUATION, PROPOSING VIEWPOINTS, SOLUTION ORIENTATION TO CONTINUE TO COMPREHENSIVELY AND SYNCHRONIZED THE INNOVATION WORK, BUILDING AND DEVELOPING THE COUNTRY AND PROTECTING THE COUNTRY IN THE NEW PERIOD

5.1. FORECAST OF THE WORLD, REGIONAL AND DOMESTIC SITUATION TO 2030, VISION 2045

5.1.1. Forecast of the world and regional situation

First, peace, cooperation and development are still the major trends, but will face many obstacles and challenges. Many multi-level cooperation structures have appeared, both vertically and vertically, both at the scale of sub-regions, areas, inter-regions and globals. Multilateralism faces more challenges than in the previous period, but continues to develop, for the benefit of geopolitics, geoeconomics, many countries put aside disputes and confrontations to cooperate and exploit each other's strengths. However, the globalization process is facing many difficulties; global production and consumption continue to be promoted, but the pace may slow down due to disruptions and adjustments to supply chains; the trend of strategic autonomy of countries, the confrontation between the US and China, between the US, the West and Russia will increase. The process of institutionalizing global relations negotiated by countries, removing barriers, facilitating individual goals of each interest group... will also slow down, even stopping in many areas due to conflicts of interests between major countries. The emergence of the drug trend and protectionism combined with the promotion of national and extreme interests, the increase of trade conflicts, and the imposition of tariffs have, are and will strongly affect the economic recovery process, negatively affecting global and regional economic linkages.

Second, the trend of globalization and the explosion of the Fourth Industrial Revolution leading to strong changes in productive forces, the world economy will have a revolutionary transformation in production structure and methods. This will lead to profound changes in the quality of life, class structure, professional structure in countries, and the transformation of the entire production, business and governance system on a global scale. Digital transformation, green transformation... and new economic linkages are increasingly being focused on, becoming the main trend, deciding the competitiveness and sustainable development of countries by 2030 and 2045.

Third, major countries are increasingly increasing strategic competition, high-tech arms race and linkage to create influence; the situation of " added value, multiple centers, multiple levels" is more clearly defined; the possibility of major military clashes between powers in the coming decades is low, but not ruled out. Dissociation, blocs, Polarization, the risk of local conflicts and war of assignment are increasingly severe. It is strategic competition, conflicts, and lack of consensus among countries, especially between powers, that continue to hinder and reduce the role of international and global institutions such as the United Nations, WTO, etc.

Fourth, strong cultural and social changes occur on a global scale. Culture will emerge as an increasingly important factor affecting economic development, security, conflict and trust of countries. Culture will become a method that both helps to enhance the strength and image of the country, promote mutual understanding, narrow the development gap between countries, and create a foundation to help resolve relations in other fields. Along with that, changes in labor structure, creating changes in employment, both in structure and nature of work with the increasing appearance of creative classes in the fields of science, design, culture, arts, entertainment, communications, education, healthcare, etc.

Fifth, global issues and non-traditional security continue to develop in a complex manner, affecting the development of countries in many aspects. The demand for resources of economies, especially emerging economies and developing economies, will skyrocket, leading to competition for already harsh resources becoming more serious.

Sixth, Asia - Pacific and the Indian Ocean are the centers of strategic benefits convergence, competing with major countries, with important positions and positions for global development and security. This area continues to develop dynamically, has an increasingly important geoeconomic - political position in the world, but is also a key area for major national strategic competition and contains unstable factors.

Seventh, Southeast Asia (focused on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) continues to promote its role as a center for cooperation, promoting linkages between East Asia, Asia - Pacific and attracting the attention of many major countries in the world. It is forecasted that ASEAN's economy will continue to develop with a strong foundation and momentum, creating new breakthroughs. However, in the next 10 years, many forecasts predict that non-traditional security issues in Southeast Asia will worsen. Southeast Asia could be one of the most vulnerable to global climate change, rising greenhouse gas emissions and one of the weakest link in cybersecurity. Southeast Asia is the most vulnerable place to environmental security due to the development process of countries, lack of regulations, awareness, development compliance and implementation of commitments, standards, regulations... on the environment. Southeast Asia is expected to always be the world's hot spot for the range of spread and the level of danger of epidemics. Therefore, ASEAN's development in the coming time will also face many obstacles.

5.1.2. Forecast of the domestic situation

Firstly, the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam will increasingly develop, affirming the correctness of our Party's guidelines and viewpoints. It is forecasted that in a positive scenario, Vietnam's economic growth rate can reach an average of double digits in the period of 2026-2030, GDP per capita by 2030 is expected to reach about 8,500 USD, Vietnam can enter the threshold of high-middle-income countries with GDP in 2030 forecast to reach about 900 billion USD. By 2045, the economy will develop rapidly and sustainably, relying mainly on science and technology, innovation and digital transformation. GDP growth rate in the period of 2030-2045 will continue to remain high, GDP scale in 2045 will reach about 2,500 billion USD. The economy operates according to the methods of digital economy, green economy, circular economy. In addition to the above positive scenario, the economy in the coming years will still face many difficulties, the risk of the middle-income trap is still a big challenge, rapid population aging, especially climate change, natural disasters, severe and complicated epidemics... will strongly affect socio-economic development.

Second, in the field of culture - society, the formation and completion of the national value system, cultural value system and people of Vietnam will play an orientational role, unifying the will, feelings and orientation for sustainable development of the country. The good cultural values and identities of the nation will continue to be preserved, promoted, and unified in diversity; the soft power of culture will continue to be effectively promoted; the environment and cultural life will become increasingly rich, civilized, healthy, social ethics will be stirred up; cultural industry will develop strongly. Cultural exchange becomes stronger, creating conditions to absorb the quintessence of human culture and spread our culture to the world.

The trend of human resource development in the coming period will continue to focus on prioritizing the development of high-quality human resources. Vietnam continues to be a country with a high human development index compared to other countries at the same level of development; people's lives will continuously increase and enjoy high-quality social services. Vietnam's education will reach an advanced level in the region of the group of 10 countries with the best higher education system in Asia. However, with economic development, the gap between rich and poor will still be a challenge.

Third, independence, sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity of the Fatherland and national interests will continue to be firmly protected, the socialist regime will be maintained; closely and harmoniously linking economic, cultural and social development with strengthening national defense and security; the national defense posture, the people's security posture and the people's heart posture will continue to be consolidated and firmly strengthened. National defense and security cooperation will continue to be expanded. However, the level of integration in this field still depends on the conditions and specific situations of common concerns between Vietnam and each specific partner.

Vietnam will continue to be proactive, positive, persistent, and steadfast in its foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, multilateralization, and diversification of relations. Multilateral foreign affairs will continue to be promoted and upgraded, closely combined with bilateral foreign affairs; the level and quality of international integration will be improved. Vietnam will participate more and more with high responsibility in international commitments, especially with the United Nations and ASEAN. increase participation in the formation of rules and rules in regional and global organizations. Vietnam's position, prestige and influence will be increasingly enhanced.

Fourth, the model of socialism and the path to socialism in Vietnam continues to be supplemented and perfected; the political system is increasingly consolidated; the Party's leadership, governance and fighting capacity is increasingly enhanced; the work of building and rectifying the Party, fighting against corruption, waste and negativity continues to be promoted; the Socialist Republic's rule of law state increasingly promotes its role, truly being a state "of the people, by the people, for the people"; the Socialist Republic's democracy will continue to be consolidated and expanded. However, in addition to the above development trend, the political situation also contains risks of instability due to unusual impacts of the regional and world environment, especially security, defense issues, and sabotage by hostile forces.

5.2. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR CONTINUING COMPREHENSIVELY PROMOTING THE WORK OF INNOVATION, BUILDING, DEVELOPING THE COUNTRY AND PROTECTING THE COUNTRY IN THE NEW PERIOD

2.1. 5. Opportunities and challenges for economic development and environmental protection

The strong development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution with breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI), big data and automation opens up great opportunities that need to be seized for breakthrough development. This revolution creates new quality products and services at lower costs, helping the economy to be more efficient, smarter and using resources more economically, creating environmental protection technology in development. Along with that, the globalization process opens up conditions for learning, improving qualifications and management experience, attracting capital from the world, especially the acquisition of knowledge to develop the economy, participating in the global product supply chain. integration and expansion into the regional and world economies create opportunities to expand production, solve employment, stabilize and improve people's lives; create new business opportunities for businesses, expand export markets for goods.

Opportunities come from the advantage of the "golden" population structure and the increase of the middle class. At the same time, revolutionary decisions on streamlining the organization of the apparatus and the political system; innovating, building and enforcing laws; developing science, technology, innovation and national digital transformation; developing the private economy; integrating internationally, etc. create historical opportunities for the strong development of the country in the new era.

Vietnam is located on the world's leading sea route, connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Indian Ocean, Asia with Europe and the Middle East. More than 90% of the world's commercial transportation is by sea, of which 45% must go through the East Sea. Vietnam is also located on the system of road, rail, and air connections of Southeast Asian and Asian countries. This is a great opportunity for Vietnam to become one of the international transit hubs, participate in connecting and expanding markets, exporting products...

However, Vietnam is still facing a huge challenge of falling behind in economy, not adapting to climate change and environmental degradation. In the recent renovation period, the growth rate every decade has decreased compared to the previous decade. Vietnam's economic development is unstable and sustainable, with low growth quality and weak competitiveness. The basic economy is still developing widely, shifting to in-depth development based on science and technology, innovation and high-quality human resources is still slow. In addition, productivity growth is on the decline, public debt, and the state budget deficit is high and prolonged. Domestic enterprises 95-96% are small enterprises with low technology qualifications. These pose a huge challenge in accelerating growth to overcome the middle-income trap.

International integration is inevitable and there is a positive presence, but in the coming years, when international commitments take effect and the opening of the economy is fully implemented, Vietnam will depend more on the world market. Negative external impacts including growth decline, even economic crisis; oil prices, high inflation; shifting investment capital flows... for the Vietnamese economy will also become increasingly deepened, making the management, operation and ensuring the independence and autonomy of the economy more difficult and complicated; requiring the implementation of signed international treaties and creating difficulty in controlling economic information, posing a risk to the independence and autonomy of the economy.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution took place on many levels at a very high level, almost in all economic sectors. To seize the opportunity and avoid the risk of falling behind further, it is required to meet the set conditions and requirements. However, in Vietnam, the institutional system for activities, fields, new business models, intellectual property protection, etc. is still slow to form; human resource training, infrastructure system construction, etc. have not met the requirements of national economic development. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has sharply reduced the advantage of cheap labor. Competitive pressure on small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam, traditional model enterprises are increasingly fierce due to the development of emerging technology companies, micro-tech companies...

In recent years, Vietnam has been a country that has been greatly affected by the impact of climate change on socio-economic development in many fields. Along with that, Vietnam is facing the risk of biodiversity degradation and ecological imbalance. Environmental pollution issues pose challenges such as: forest quality degradation and loss of protective function; challenges to food safety; depletion of resources and increased environmental conflicts; challenges to ecological aggression and cross-border environmental security...

The rapid aging population and low population quality in Vietnam are increasingly affecting the Vietnamese economy in both the short and long term. In the short term, population aging affects the labor force structure, and thereby, economic growth. In the long term, population aging creates multidimensional challenges, in many fields from economy to social security and culture.

5.2. Opportunities and challenges for cultural, human and social development

The increasingly prominent role of culture in sustainable development, culture is increasingly penetrating the fields of production and business, creating new material values and culture itself is becoming an important economic sector of many countries. With this trend, Vietnam's integration with the world creates opportunities to promote the development of modern culture but rich in national identity.

Opportunities come from tradition, the cultural potential of the nation, the will to self-reliance, the aspiration to develop the country and the people's trust in the Party and the State. If in previous periods, self-reliance and self-strengthening were to gain independence and freedom, then in today's era, self-reliance and self-strengthening are to build a rich, happy and prosperous country. It is that spirit that creates motivation and opens up opportunities for national construction and development. The viewpoints and guidelines to promote the position and role of culture help to raise awareness of the power of culture more deeply, richly and comprehensively. Culture is considered the foundation for development, both the goal and the endogenous strength, an important driving force and a regulating system for national development. Implementing Ho Chi Minh's ideology: "Culture must pave the way for the nation to go", people are identified as the subject, holding a central position in the development strategy; developing education and training, science and technology as the top national policy; environmental protection is one of the outstanding issues, a criterion for sustainable development, institutionalized, opening up opportunities to promote cultural development increasingly strongly.

The results of cultural, social and human development over 40 years of renovation create new position and strength, strengthen national synchronous power, international prestige, enhance the people's trust, create important premises to build and protect the Fatherland, develop an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity. This is a huge advantage for us to enhance national pride, determination to innovate and revive Vietnamese culture in the new era[3].

Along with the achievements, in the cultural field, there are still limitations, shortcomings, inadequacies, and weaknesses. Former General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong pointed out that culture has not been deeply recognized by all levels and sectors and has not been fully cared for commensurate with economics and politics; it has not truly become an endogenous strength, a driving force for sustainable development of the country. The role of culture in building people has not been determined to be right, there is also a strong tendency towards entertainment functions. The development of cultural fields is not yet synchronous, still facial, heavy in form, ... Those weaknesses and inadequacies are slow to be resolved despite being mentioned and repeated in many documents and resolutions of the Party. This weakness and defect has caused consequences, negatively affecting socio-economic development, building our people and cultural environment[34].

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, the digital transformation process in various fields is creating new challenges in managing social development. In recent decades, income inequality has tended to increase rapidly in Vietnam, this revolution has further amplified the above trend, thereby leading to increased inequality, increasing income and property gaps between groups in society.

5.2.3. Opportunities and challenges for ensuring national defense, security, and foreign affairs

Vietnam's economic development contributes to increasing potential, national defense and security strength. With a strict combination of strengthening national defense and security with economic and social development in strategies, planning, and development plans for sectors and fields, economic regions will create opportunities for the simultaneous implementation of both economic tasks and national defense, security, and foreign affairs tasks. The work of ensuring social order and safety has achieved many positive results, contributing to protecting national security, maintaining political and social stability, creating a peaceful environment, increasing friendship, opening up opportunities to protect independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. By expanding cooperation and seizing the support of countries, Vietnam has the opportunity to build and enhance the potential of science and technology to serve economic and defense purposes.

In addition, ensuring national defense, security, foreign affairs and protecting independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity still has limitations in both awareness and action, such as awareness of the relationship between the two strategic tasks of national construction and protection; combining the economy with national defense, security and foreign affairs... although there have been positive changes, they are not really complete and profound; the implementation of policies to prevent war early and from afar in specific fields is still slow. Meanwhile, the world and regional situation is changing rapidly, complicatedly, unpredictably, causing many difficulties in accurate forecasting to truly proactively resolve limitations and challenges. In addition, the risk of internal differentiation and declining ASEAN's role stems from internal factors and the "struggling" of major countries, posing many challenges for Vietnam in handling relations. Non-traditional security issues, including global cyberspace management, pose challenges and new risks that threaten the security of countries. Meanwhile, Vietnam's work of ensuring information security and cybersecurity still has some shortcomings and limitations, causing great challenges in ensuring national defense and security. Notably, the security issue in the East Sea, due to the trend of encroachment and expansion to the sea of some countries in the region, has a great impact on Vietnam's sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the seas and islands of the Fatherland.

5.2.4. Opportunities and challenges for ensuring political stability, building a clean and strong Party and political system

The correct and scientific innovation guidelines with the leadership and governance of the Party, effective management of the State, promoting the people's mastery; socio-economic development is a solid foundation, opening up opportunities to continue to ensure political stability and maximize the country's development motivations and resources. Political stability is not only the result of building a clean and strong Party and political system, but also a favorable condition to continue to carry out the task of building an increasingly clean and strong Party and political system in the future. The above results are a very important foundation, opening up opportunities for stability and continued comprehensive innovation.

However, besides the main results, the work of building the Party and the political system still shows some limitations and faces new challenges. The capacity to forecast, orient policies, institutionalize and concretize for implementation is still a weak link. Party member management and education have not received due attention and efficiency is not high. The quality of Party activities and the fighting spirit in self-criticism and criticism are still weak, and the implementation of exemplary responsibility of Party members in many places has not become a self-awareness. Innovation in the Party's leadership and governance methods has not been highly effective; power control has not been well implemented. The situation of corruption, waste and negativity is still complicated... Obviously, to overcome the above limitations and shortcomings, not only requiring time, resources and great efforts from the entire Party, people and army, are significant challenges for the process of continuing to build a clean and strong Party and political system.

5.2.5. Opportunities and challenges for ensuring socialist orientation and combating peaceful developments

Ensuring the orientation of socialism and combating " peaceful developments" are requirements and tasks of the process of implementing the innovation guidelines, at the same time, the achievements of development create conditions and opportunities for ensuring the orientation of socialism and combating peaceful developments. Development in all fields in recent years has promoted the cause of innovation, including the work of Party building and rectification, fighting corruption, waste and negativity, contributing to restoring and enhancing people's trust in the Party and the path to socialism in our country, while creating an important premise to prevent the situation of "self-evolution, self-transformation" and "s leading to peace" right from the beginning.

In addition, the new context also poses many challenges associated with limitations in developing a socialist-oriented market economy. The implementation of the goal of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness, civilization"; continuous development of production and improving people's lives is still slow; the ownership regime, economic components, and types of enterprises still have many problems that are not really suitable for the market-oriented economy; implementing the distribution regime, overcoming social inequality, reducing rich and poor, ensuring social security - social welfare is still inadequate... In addition, the degradation of political ideology, ethics, lifestyle, "self-evolution", "self-transformation" among cadres and party members is still complicated, hostile forces are promoting " peaceful development" activities in various fields and if this situation is not prevented, it will be pushed back, "thoroughly" the role of the Party and the Party will be a challenge.

5.3. VIEWPOINTS, OBJECTIVES, SOLUTION ORIENTATION TO CONTINUE TO PROMOTE INNOVATION, CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOP THE COUNTRY AND PROTECT THE COUNTRY IN THE NEW PERIOD

5.3.1. Directing viewpoints

- Resolutely and firmly apply and develop the creative development of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's ideology, the reform guidelines; steadfastly promote the goal of national and social independence; steadfastly and synchronously promote the cause of innovation; steadfastly apply the principles of organization and operation of the Party in building and protecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; implementing strategic autonomy in development, ensuring the highest national and ethnic interests; taking development to promote development, improve people's lives, in which economic and social development and environmental protection are the center; building and developing the Party as the key; building and developing culture and people as the foundation, the core resource, an important driving force for the rapid and sustainable development of the country; strengthening national defense, security and foreign affairs, and promoting regular international integration.

- Focus on building and rectifying the Party and the political system to be truly clean and strong in all aspects; improve the Party's leadership, governance capacity, and fighting strength, continue to promote the prevention and combat of corruption, waste, and negativity, tighten the close relationship between the Party and the People; continue to build a Socialist Republic of Vietnam under the leadership of the People, by the People, for the People under the leadership of the Party; consistently implement the principle that all State power belongs to the People; ensure the Superness of the Constitution and the law; widely practice and promote socialist democracy, the role of mastery and the subject of the People are factors that have a significant significance in deciding the successful implementation of the task of building and defending the Fatherland in the new period.

- Restructuring the economy, establishing a new growth model, promoting innovation and innovation, taking science and technology, innovation and digital transformation as the main driving force. Promoting cultural and human resources as endogenous resources and development drivers. Promote the construction and completion of synchronous institutions for rapid and sustainable development of the country, resolutely remove bottlenecks, bottlenecks in a timely manner, unblock and release productive power, promote all resources, in which domestic resources are the main source, international resources are important; the state economy plays a leading role in ensuring major balances, strategic orientations, leading the economy; private economic development is truly a most important driving force of the national economy; cooperative economy, collective economy, household economy, foreign-invested economy plays an important role.

- Build a national defense foundation, a national defense posture associated with people's security, a people's security posture, build a solid people's heart posture; ensure the maintenance of a peaceful and stable environment for national development; proactively prevent war and conflict risks early and from afar, protect the country before it is in danger; resolutely and persistently protect the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland, ensure national security, order and social safety; consolidate and enhance the strength of great national unity combined with the strength of the times, creating a combined strength in the cause of building and defending the Fatherland in the new period.

- Persistently and creatively implement the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, multilateralization and diversification; proactively and actively integrate comprehensively, extensively and effectively into the international community. In the process of international integration, it is necessary to put national and ethnic interests first. Proactively participate in regional and global value chains; be an active and responsible member of the international community for the common interests of peace, cooperation and development in the region and the world.

5.3.2. Goal orientation

a) General goals

maximize the combined strength of the entire nation, of the entire political system combined with the strength of the times, make the most of the consensus and support of the international community; consolidate the belief, promote creativity, will and aspiration for development of the entire nation to create motivation for rapid and sustainable national development in the new era of development; firmly protect the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland, protect the Party, State, People, socialist regime, culture and national - ethnic interests; protect the country's position and prestige; maintain a peaceful environment, political stability, national security, and human security; build a society of order, order, order, safety and health for national development. Strive by 2030, Vietnam will be a developing country with modern industry and high average income; people's lives will be improved and the vision will be realized by 2045, to become a developed country with high income, for a peaceful, independent, democratic, rich, prosperous, civilized, happy Vietnam, firmly moving towards socialism.

b) Specific goals

- Continue to perfect institutions for rapid and sustainable development, first of all, perfect the synchronous institution for developing the socio-economic market economy. Restructuring the economy, establishing a new growth model, promoting green transformation, digital transformation, industrialization, modernization, and rapid, comprehensive, and sustainable national development. Strive to achieve double-digit growth in the 2026-2030 term and the next period. Closely link economic, cultural, social and environmental development with strengthening and enhancing national defense, security and foreign affairs.

- Comprehensive and synchronous development of cultural fields, human development to ensure both promoting the good values of the nation and absorbing the quintessence of human culture, creating momentum for socio-economic development and international integration.

- Improve the effectiveness of social development management, ensure stability and development of social security and social welfare for people; implement social progress and justice, constantly and comprehensively improve people's lives in the development process.

- Strengthen and enhance national defense and security; resolutely and persistently fight to firmly protect the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland; protect national security, ensure social order and safety; build the People's Army and the People's Public Security to be revolutionary, disciplined, elite and modern. Build a strong national industry; build a proactive, self-reliant, self-reliant, dual-use, and modern defense and security industry.

- Implement an independent and self-reliant foreign policy, ensure strategic autonomy, multilateralization and diversification in international relations; actively and proactively integrate comprehensively, extensively and effectively into the international community; maintain a peaceful and stable environment, constantly enhancing Vietnam's position and role in the international arena.

- Improve the leadership, governance and fighting capacity of the Party. Build a team of cadres at all levels, especially at the strategic level, leaders with sufficient qualities, capacity, prestige, and equal to the task. Building a clean and strong Party and political system in a comprehensive manner, building a streamlined, clean and strong Socialist Republican rule of law state that operates effectively and efficiently.

5.3.3. Orientation of tasks and solutions

First, continue to perfect the institution of rapid and sustainable development, first of all the institution of the socialist-oriented market economy; promote innovation and e-commerce associated with economic restructuring, establish a new growth model.

Synchronously perfecting institutions to create resources and motivation for rapid and sustainable development. Focus on continuing to innovate and perfect strong and effective political institutions, including continuing to perfect the overall organizational model of the political system under the leadership of the Party; clearly defining and perfecting functions, tasks, and effective and efficient operating mechanisms, avoiding overlap. Completing the institution of power control in the Party in sync with the institution of power control in the entire political system. Continue to promote the synchronous completion of the market economic institution with a full, modern and integrated social policy orientation to free up and unlock resources for development, form new growth drivers, promote the development of new productive forces and new industries. Promote innovation and perfect the institution of social development management in an inclusive and sustainable direction, with people as the center. Building and perfecting cultural institutions to ensure cultural development is on par with politics, economics and society, so that culture is truly the goal, an endogenous resource, a great driving force, and a coordinating system for rapid and sustainable development. Synchronously perfecting institutions, protecting the environment, and effectively responding to climate change. Continue to build and perfect national defense, security and foreign affairs institutions to meet the requirements of tasks in the new period.

Continue to innovate and improve the effectiveness of law making and strictly enforcement. Strongly innovate the method of state management of the economy in the direction of transferring unnecessary state work to social organizations, converting the direct provision of public services to the ordering method. Strongly innovate decentralization and delegation of power associated with responsibility to improve the effectiveness of coordination in leadership, direction, and management, clearly defining responsibilities between the central and local governments, between local government levels, implementing the principle of local determination, local action, and local responsibility. Promote the role of people, businesses, socio-political organizations, professions and the community in participating in the development, criticism and supervision of the implementation of laws, mechanisms and policies of the State. Innovating the mechanism for mobilizing and allocating investment resources, prioritizing the attraction of social resources to develop key economic regions, growth poles, large cities, key industries, national key projects and large projects of regional connectivity.

Promote innovation, technology and innovation, innovation and digital transformation as the main driving force. Resolutely with the goal of stabilizing and consolidating a solid macroeconomic foundation; controlling inflation well; ensuring major balances of the economy. Promote the overall restructuring of economic sectors and fields nationwide and each locality and enterprise with a long-term vision and a specific roadmap; create strong changes in economic restructuring and economic development in a modern direction, developing a green and sustainable economy. Promote regional and intra-regional development linkages, economic zone development and urban development.

Continue to promote rapid and sustainable economic development; strengthen the implementation of three strategic breakthroughs and new economic development models and methods. Focus on synchronously and effectively implementing the viewpoints, goals, tasks and solutions of the 10-year Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2021-2030, reviewing and adjusting national master plans, marine space planning, regional planning, sectoral planning, provincial planning, ... in accordance with new development space. Improve the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement, ensure discipline and order; promote the prevention and fight against corruption, waste and negativity. Focus on training and providing human resources for key economic sectors and new economic sectors to create breakthroughs for rapid and sustainable economic development (green economy, digital economy, circular economy). Research, promulgate and effectively implement mechanisms and policies to attract and promote talent. Strong development of science and technology serves the need to promote innovation, so that science and technology truly become the leading driving force, meeting the requirements of rapid and sustainable economic development in the coming period. Focus on developing and perfecting a synchronous strategic infrastructure system, especially transport infrastructure, digital infrastructure, and green infrastructure. Strongly promote and renew traditional growth drivers, while facilitating and effectively exploiting new growth drivers from digital transformation, green transformation, circular economy, emerging industries and fields; promoting regional development linkages, exploiting the potential and advantages of each region for rapid and sustainable economic development.

Fully promote the functions and roles of economic regions. State economic development truly plays a leading role in ensuring major balances, strategic orientations, and leading the economy. Developing the private economy is truly the most important driving force of the national economy; focusing on developing strong, strategic private Vietnamese corporations, actively supporting small and medium enterprises. Selectively attracting foreign investment projects, mainly focusing on high-tech industries, enhancing connections between FDI enterprises and domestic enterprises. Promote the building of an independent and self-reliant economy associated with extensive international integration. Urgently improve the capacity to analyze, forecast strategics and assess system risks, meeting the needs of handling complex arising situations. The socio-economic development strategy must be built synchronously with the national security strategy, foreign strategy and international integration strategy to become a unified, effective and highly efficient package. Continue to further promote international economic integration through reviewing, adjusting, and supplementing the legal system and related institutions and mechanisms to meet the requirements of implementing international commitments. Enhance the independence and autonomy of the economy, strongly develop the domestic economic sector to reduce over-reliance on foreign-invested areas and foreign markets.

Closely combine socio-economic development with strengthening national defense, security and foreign affairs. Synchronously and effectively implementing solutions for socio-economic development, ensuring national defense and security in regions until 2030, with a vision to 2045. Effectively implement projects and plans on strengthening national defense and security combined with socio-economic development in the strategic direction of the Fatherland. Promote investment and development of science and technology in the fields of national defense and security. Continue to build and develop the defense industry and security industry in a dual-use direction, becoming more and more modern, with high scientific and technological qualifications, both meeting the requirements and tasks of protecting the Fatherland and contributing significantly to socio-economic development.

Second, building an advanced Vietnamese culture, imbued with national identity; building Vietnamese people for comprehensive development

Strongly arouse the spirit of patriotism, self-reliance, solidarity, and aspiration to develop a prosperous and happy country for the entire nation; increase the application of science and technology, digital transformation to highly promote the cultural values, strength and dedication of the Vietnamese people, create endogenous resources and breakthrough motivation to successfully implement the country's development goals by 2030, with a vision to 2045. Building Vietnamese people to comprehensively develop in terms of intelligence, ethics, physical fitness, aesthetics, creativity, life skills, professional skills, citizen awareness, compliance with the law, associated with preserving and promoting the values of Vietnamese families, the system of cultural values, national values; smoothly combining traditional values with contemporary values; having effective mechanisms and policies to train, attract and promote talent.

Continue to innovate the Party's leadership and governance methods and the management and administration of the State to ensure unity in ideology and action in building and developing culture from the Central to the grassroots level. Party committees and authorities at all levels have a deep understanding and fully grasp the Party's viewpoints and guiding ideology on culture, on that basis, develop programs and implementation plans, and mobilize maximum resources to develop culture. thoroughly grasp and concretize the viewpoint that "culture must be placed on par with economics, politics and society".

Develop mechanisms and policies to closely link cultural construction and human development, making culture a factor that promotes people to improve their personality; develop culture with socio-economic development, so that culture truly becomes a solid foundation, an important driving force and endogenous resource for the sustainable development of the country and firmly protect the Fatherland. Strengthen patriotism education, arouse national pride and social responsibility for the people. Promote the construction of a healthy environment and cultural life, associated with the movement "All people unite to build a cultural life". Maximize human factors and resources for cultural development, commensurate with economic growth.

Enhance the pioneering and exemplary behavior of leaders, cadres, civil servants and party members; strengthen supervision of the implementation of cultural policies. Complete breakthrough mechanisms and policies to strongly develop the cultural industry; develop unique cultural products and types with spillover effects to promote and introduce to the world.

Developing extensive and substantial cultural movements; improving conditions, enhancing the cultural enjoyment of the people, ensuring fairness. Proactively integrate internationally in culture, absorb the quintessence of human culture and spread Vietnamese culture to the world. Expand cultural exchanges and cooperation with countries, deepening international cultural relations. Create favorable conditions for overseas Vietnamese, international organizations to invest in intelligence, resources, participate in cultural development, and promote the image of the country and people of Vietnam.

Build a professional, humane and modern press and media. Continue to reorganize the press and media system in the direction of streamlining, compactness, strength, efficiency, effectiveness, and efficiency. Strengthen the responsibility of governing agencies and heads; have effective solutions to rectify, promptly and strictly handle violations, especially violations in the online environment. Complete the monitoring and warning system on cyberspace to promptly detect, prevent, and remove bad and toxic news from the source of dissemination. Strengthen propaganda and education to raise people's sense of responsibility and vigilance when participating in the media environment.

Continue to innovate and develop the national education system in a modern, fair and quality direction. Strongly implement institutional innovation, create specific and outstanding mechanisms and policies for the development of education and training. Strengthen comprehensive education of virtue, intelligence, physical strength, and aesthetics, forming a new Vietnamese value system of the era. Promote comprehensive digital transformation, popularize and strongly apply digital technology and artificial intelligence in education and training. Focus on building a team of teachers, school facilities, and standard classes, improving the quality of preschool and general education; enhancing the quality of foreign language teaching and learning, gradually making English the second language in schools. Promote deep and extensive international cooperation and integration in education and training.

Strongly promote the development of science, technology, innovation and national digital transformation to create a breakthrough in productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Focus urgently and resolutely perfecting institutions, policies and laws in accordance with market mechanisms and international practices to develop science, technology and innovation, focusing on removing barriers to the legal system, economic policies, finance, administrative procedures, increasing investment, completing infrastructure for scientific, technological and innovation activities.

Develop and improve the quality of literary and artistic creativity. Ensuring the right to information and creative freedom of citizens. Focus on improving the quality and efficiency of cultural, artistic and heritage resources. There are plans, mechanisms and solutions to properly handle the relationship between preserving and promoting cultural values, traditional national history in building people and developing the socio-economy.

Third, develop and manage sustainable social development on the basis of democracy, science, and rule of law

Fully grasp and ensure social policy orientation in social policies. Strengthen management of social development, ensure social progress and fairness, sustainability in social policies, especially social security, social welfare, social security and human resources. Synchronously and comprehensively deploy economic, progressive, social and environmental fairness goals, on that basis, innovate and allocate resources appropriately to improve the effectiveness of social development. Develop and synchronously implement institutions and policies for social development, sustainable and harmonious social development management.

Develop appropriate social policies and social development management, harmoniously resolve social relations, control social stratification and promptly and effectively handle risks, conflicts, and social conflicts, ensure social order and safety, protect the legitimate and legal rights and interests of the people. Complete and effectively implement laws and policies for meritorious people based on resources from the State and society, ensuring that meritorious people and their families have a standard of living of the average or better in their residential area. Reforming salary policy in the direction of linking changes in labor prices in the market, commensurate with the economic growth rate, labor productivity growth rate, ensuring the principle of labor distribution, creating motivation to improve productivity and efficiency. Focus on improving social welfare and social security, trying to ensure basic and essential needs of the people for housing, travel, education, healthcare, employment, etc.

Develop the labor market, towards sustainable employment. Establishing principles of labor use and management in accordance with market development, building harmonious, stable and progressive labor relations. Develop a comprehensive social security system, moving towards reaching out to the entire population with policies to prevent, reduce and overcome risks for people, ensuring support for vulnerable groups. Build a fair, quality, efficient and sustainable health system, strive to basically exempt all hospital fees for all people by 2030. Implement well the work of gender equality, care for and protect the elderly, children and ethnic and religious policies. Develop and effectively implement population policies and develop, take advantage of and promote the advantages of the golden population period, while preparing conditions to adapt to population aging.

Build a modern and strong working class; improve political mettle, education level, expertise, professional skills, industrial style, labor discipline to adapt to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Promote the role of farmers in the process of agricultural development, rural economy associated with new rural construction. Build an increasingly strong and high-quality intellectual team to meet the requirements of national development in the new situation. Develop a team of entrepreneurs who grow in quantity and quality, have a spirit of dedication to the nation, have cultural standards, progressive ethics and good governance and business skills.

Complete mechanisms and policies for effective management and use of resources, environmental protection, and proactive adaptation to climate change. Fully assess the value of resources, evaluate, account, manage, and strictly protect; exploit and use economically, effectively and sustainably, according to market principles, associated with the goal of socio-economic development, ensuring resource security. Focus on developing and using renewable energy, new materials, recycling, and environmentally friendly. Strengthen environmental protection according to the motto of harmonious behavior with nature, according to natural laws, prevention is the main concern; combine pollution control, remediation, environmental improvement, nature conservation and biodiversity, ecosystem restoration; take protecting people's health as the top goal.

Fourth, strengthen national defense and security, maintain independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Fatherland; maintain political security, order, social safety and stability for national development

Maintain and strengthen the absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of the Party, the centralized and unified management of the State over the People's Army, the People's Public Security and the cause of national defense, security and protection of the Fatherland. Strengthen propaganda, education, raise awareness and responsibility of the whole society for the cause of national defense, security and protection of the Fatherland. Innovation, improving the quality and efficiency of education and training in national defense and security knowledge to ensure suitability for each subject.

Focus on perfecting legal mechanisms and policies to enhance national defense and security capacity; building and consolidating the national defense foundation, the national defense posture, associated with the people's security, the people's security posture and the people's heart posture. Strengthen state management of national defense and security in ministries, branches and localities. Pay attention to implementing well the policy for the armed forces and the rear policies of the army and police.

Promote the combined strength of the entire political system in building potential, forces, national defense and security postures to prepare national resources; improve strategic autonomy and the ability to mobilize resources to meet the requirements of all national defense and security situations. Invest in building strong defense zones and defense areas at all levels, creating a solid and synchronous defense arrangement in each area and nationwide. Improve the capacity to prevent and combat cyberspace war, information war, and firmly protect the sovereignty of the Fatherland in cyberspace.

Build the People's Army and the People's Public Security to be revolutionary, disciplined, elite, and modern; prioritize the modernization of some military branches, service groups, and forces. Continue to improve the organizational apparatus, ensure staffing, and build the People's Public Security force in the direction of "Sticky ministries, strong provinces, and communes adhering to the grassroots".

Proactively research, grasp, evaluate, and forecast the situation correctly, promptly propose policies and approaches to handle situations well, do not be passive, surprised, do not let conflicts and disputes develop into armed conflicts and war. Focus on researching, proposing and effectively organizing the implementation of comprehensive, basic, and long-term policies and solutions to prevent war and conflict risks early and from afar; solving problems of seas and islands, especially the East Sea, border areas and the Southwest sea.

Focus on supplementing and perfecting mechanisms and regulations, especially coordination between the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Public Security with central and local departments, ministries, branches, and organizations in handling situations of national defense and security. Ensure internal political security, cultural and ideological security, information security, network security, economic security, social security; be ready to effectively respond to traditional and non-traditional security challenges; prevent, combat, overcome the consequences of natural disasters, epidemics, rescue. Absolutely protect the security and safety of important goals and projects, activities of Party and State leaders, important political, cultural and foreign events of the country.

Fifth, implement the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, multilateralization, and diversification, bring foreign relations into depth, improve the quality and effectiveness of international integration

Ensure the unified leadership of the Party and the centralized management of the State over foreign affairs activities. consistently implement the foreign policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, friendship, cooperation and development, multilateralization and diversification of foreign relations; proactively and actively integrate comprehensively, deeply and effectively into the international community. Promote the pioneering role of foreign affairs in creating and maintaining a peaceful and stable environment; mobilize external resources to develop the country; constantly enhance the country's potential, role, position and international prestige.

Promote bilateral relations in depth, stability and long-term sustainability. The top priority is relations with neighboring countries with common borders. Promote the role of party foreign relations in orienting the overall strategy for bilateral relations. Promote and elevate multilateral diplomacy in close coordination with bilateral diplomacy; promote the role of an active and responsible member in the international community. Proactively participate in and promote Vietnam's role in regional and international multilateral mechanisms.

Build a comprehensive and modern diplomacy with three pillars: Party foreign affairs, state diplomacy and people's foreign affairs, under the direct and comprehensive leadership of the Party and centralized management of the State. Strengthen research, forecasting, and strategic consulting on proactive foreign affairs work, promptly identifying opportunities and challenges. Innovation, improving the effectiveness of foreign information work. Do a good job of protecting citizens and maximizing the resources of overseas Vietnamese to contribute to the development of the country.

Sixth, build and rectify the Party and the political system; perfect and promote socialist democracy; build and promote the great national unity bloc

(1) Strengthening Party building in terms of politics, ideology, ethics, organization and cadres. Regularly implementing the reform guidelines, maintaining the nature of the working class of the Party, and firmly adhering to the principles of Party building. Improve the quality of policy and guiding work in line with Vietnamese practice and development trends of the times. Promote the summary of practices, theoretical research, and completion of the theoretical system on innovation guidelines, social networks and the path to social networks in Vietnam.

Continue to strongly innovate the content and methods of ideological work, improve fighting spirit, education, and persuasion. Innovation in studying and implementing the Party's resolutions ensures practicality and effectiveness. Innovating political theory education according to the motto of science, practice, creativity and modernity. Strengthen the protection of the Party's ideological foundation. Encourage the spirit of self-respect and training of ethics of cadres and party members. Promote revolutionary ethics education. Strictly implement the Party's regulations on revolutionary ethical standards and the responsibility to set an example. Set an example to truly become an important content in the Party's leadership method. Timely rectify the un exemplary behavior of cadres and party members; resolutely and strictly handle cases of degradation in political ideology, ethics, lifestyle, "self-evolution", "self-transformation"; build a team of cadres and party members with political will, intelligence, exemplary, and pioneering, meeting the requirements of tasks in the new situation.

Continue to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization of the political system. Promote the implementation and continue to improve the overall model and organization of the political system. Complete the mechanism to ensure consistency and connectivity between Party regulations and State laws on the organization of the apparatus, operation and staffing of the political system. Continue to improve the functions, tasks, decentralization and delegation of authority of each agency, organization and locality. Strictly implement the Party's policy on the management of the payroll of the political system.

Continue to develop and perfect regulations and rules to strictly maintain the discipline and order of the Party. Resolutely and synchronously and effectively implement the arrangement of titles of Party Committee secretary, People's Committee Chairman, Head of Inspection Committee, Chief Inspector, Director of Provincial and Municipal Police who are not local people; study and implement the arrangement of titles of heads of sectors and fields: Procuracy, People's Court, provincial tax who are not local people. Improve the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of inspection and supervision work; link inspection and supervision with other methods of power control. Complete and resolutely implement synchronously and effectively the institutional fight against corruption, waste and negativity. Persistently and resolutely fight against corruption, waste and negativity in conjunction with promoting the development and improvement of laws and policy mechanisms so that it is impossible, dareless, unwilling, no need for corruption, waste and negativity.

Create a strong change in the awareness and actions of Party committees at all levels and the political system on mass mobilization work; innovate the content and methods of propaganda, mobilization, and effective use of mass media and social networks in a practical direction, increase consensus, strengthen people's trust in the Party, State and the socialist regime, promote the great strength of the great national unity bloc in socio-economic development and ensure national defense, security, and foreign affairs. Continue to strongly innovate the content and methods of leadership and governance of the Party in the new conditions.

(2) Building and perfecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state of the people, by the people and for the people led by the Party; ensuring the people's mastery, upholding the Constitution and the law, respecting, ensuring and protecting human rights and civil rights. Improve the capacity, effectiveness and efficiency of State operations. More clearly define the role, position, functions, tasks and powers of state agencies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial powers on the basis of the principles of rule of law, ensuring state power is unified, with clear assignment, close coordination and strengthening control of state power. Continue to improve the legal system and the strict and effective mechanism for organizing law enforcement, ensuring the requirements of rapid and sustainable national development. Complete the control mechanism and State power, promote the prevention and combat of corruption, waste and negativity. Innovation and improvement of the Party's leadership and governance capacity in the process of building and perfecting the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state, including concretizing the mechanism of "Party leadership, State management, People mastery" to determine the "right role", right authority so that the Party does not justify, replace, encroach on the State's field and vice versa, the Party is not white-minded or lax in leadership. Strengthen proactive international integration to meet the requirements of building a Socialist Republic of Vietnam's rule of law state and protecting the Fatherland in the new situation.

(3) Continue to attach importance to building and promoting socialist democracy; ensuring the people's mastery; building and promoting the strength of great national unity. Complete appropriate and favorable mechanisms and policies for the people to participate in giving opinions on the process of planning guidelines and policies, deciding on major and important issues of the country; uphold the responsibility of receiving and reporting information and explanation of Party and State agencies for the people's recommendations and proposals. Innovation in organization, content and methods of operation, expanding and diversifying forms of mobilization, gathering people, consolidating and promoting the great national unity bloc, strongly oriented towards the grassroots with the motto "People know, people discuss, people do, people inspect, people supervise, people benefit". Well perform the role of social supervision and criticism, represent and protect the legitimate and legal rights and interests of union members and association members, actively participate in building the Party and State, and strengthening people's foreign affairs.

CONCLUDE

After 40 years of implementing the renovation guidelines, Vietnam has achieved many great achievements of historical significance, becoming a developing country with a high average income with a sustainable socio-economic orientation; the role, position and international prestige of the country have been enhanced; the material and spiritual life of the people has been significantly improved; national defense and security have been firmly guaranteed. Those achievements are clear evidence of the correctness of the country's roadmap for national development innovation along the socialist path chosen by the Communist Party and People of Vietnam.

Summarizing a number of theoretical and practical issues on the socialist-oriented innovation in the past 40 years in Vietnam has helped us clearly see the changes in the world and regional situation affecting the process of building and developing the country, the Party's acumeness and sound forecasting vision as well as the flexible adaptation to seize opportunities, overcome challenges, be creative in guidelines, policies, and solutions to bring back great achievements of historical significance in all fields; at the same time, through summarizing, clearly see difficulties and limitations, draw valuable experiences to create a solid foundation to enter a new era of development on the path of building socialism.

The summary of 40 years of renovation has also given us a clearer overview of the creative and theoretical development of the roadmap for social housing construction innovation in Vietnam, contributing to the addition and development of Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology on social housing and the path to social housing. The theory of the innovation guidelines has increasingly clearly identified the goals, characteristics, directions, major relationships and main pillars of Vietnam Social Security, and has been paving the way for practical activities in building Vietnam Social Security.

The practice of building social housing over the past 40 years has raised many problems both in theory and practice that need to be further resolved. Especially in the new context of unpredictable changes that are difficult to predict, affecting the development of the country, bringing back opportunities and posing challenges to the cause of building a country for peace, independence, democracy, wealth, prosperity, civilization, and happiness, we need to continue to research, deeply explain and have appropriate solutions for rapid and sustainable development.

The achievements and experiences of 40 years of renovation are not only the pride of our entire Party, people and army, but also the foundation and strong belief for us to continue to promote the more comprehensive and synchronous renovation process, striving to become a developed country with modern industry and high average income by 2030, and to be a developed country with high income, firmly moving towards socialism/ well-being.

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[1] Nguyen Phu Trong: Some theoretical and practical issues on socialism and the path to socialism in Vietnam, Publishing House. National Political Science of Truth, Hanoi, 2022, p.278-279.

[2] Most recently, it summarizes 30 years of renovation (1986-2016), summarizes 10 years of implementing the National Construction Area in the period of transition to socialism (supplemented and developed in 2011).

[3] The term big relationships officially appeared for the first time in documents of the Communist Party of Vietnam in the Report at the 10th Conference of the Party Central Committee, 3rd tenure (12/1964) on trade and prices. In particular, when determining and analyzing the basic economic characteristics and content of the socialist revolution in the North in the early years of moving towards socialism, the Central Executive Committee for the first time set the requirement: "Building large relationships correctly, resolving major conflicts well".

[4] This is reflected in the consecutive promulgation of resolutions on Party building and rectification: Resolution of the 4th Conference of the Party Central Committee (11th tenure) on a number of urgent issues on Party building today; Resolution of the 4th Conference of the Party Central Committee (13-th tenure) on strengthening Party building and rectification; preventing and repelling the degradation of political ideology, ethics, lifestyle, manifestations of "self-evolution", "self-transformation" within the Party; Conclusion No. 21-KL/TW dated October 25, 2021 of the 4th Conference of the Party Central Committee (13th tenure) on promoting the building and rectification of the Party and the political system; resolutely preventing, pushing back, and strictly handling Party cadres and political cadres on "self-evolution, self-transformation" within the Party.

[5] The state economy contributes nearly 30% of GDP (before 2010), 2020 - 20.67%; 2021 - 20.81%; 2022 - 20.53%; preliminary 2023 - 21.03%, more than 1⁄4 of total social investment, specifically in 2020 - 26.2%; 2021 - 24.8%; 2022 - 25.8%, preliminary 2023 - 27.9%.

[6] The number of private sector enterprises operating with production and business results has increased rapidly from 488,395 enterprises (in 2016) to 940,000 enterprises (in 2025). The number of business households (non-agricultural production facilities) increased from 4.909 million households (in 2016) to over 5 million households (in 2025). Many large-scale private enterprises with strong potential appear. The private economy contributes about 50% of GDP during the 2016-2023 period and will contribute 51% of GDP by 2025.

[7] The total volume of corporate bonds issued in 2022 is VND 269,486 trillion (down 36.8% compared to 2021); in 2022 it will increase to VND 338.853 trillion (up 25.27% in 2022); in 2023 it will increase to VND 338.853 trillion (up 25.27%); in 2024 it will increase to VND 466.518 trillion (up 37.68%); the buyback value in 2024 is equivalent to 47.6% of the issuance value of the same year; outstanding corporate bonds in 2024 account for 11.0% of GDP in 2024. The total volume of corporate bonds issued in the first 5 months of 2025 reached VND 120.685 trillion (up 53.17% over the same period in 2024).

[8] derivatives, in the first 5 months of 2025, the average trading volume in April reached 263,995 contracts/session, in May decreased by 29.96% to 184,904 contracts/session; the average trading value also decreased by 24.04% from VND 33,700 billion/session to VND 25,605 billion

[9] Employed workers have continuously increased steadily over the years, from 49.07 million people in 2021 to 50.6 million people in 2022 and 51.9 million in the first quarter of 2025.

[10] As of June, Vietnam has 22 technology exchanges, including 19 local exchanges, two regional exchanges and one one exchanges under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

[11] The legal framework has been completed in a more complete, clear and predictable manner. The system of plans has been completed, creating a basis for State management.

[12] Vietnam has maintained a continuous increase in the E-Government Index in the period 2014-2024 from 99th to 71st in 193 countries.

[13] According to the World Bank's Global Governance Index (WGI), the Government's operational efficiency index has improved significantly. According to the above Percent Rating, referring to the above limit of the 90% reliability range, Vietnam's government efficiency index improved from 56.9 percentage points in 2010 to 63.5 in 2014; 71.2 in 2020 and 72.1 in 2021. According to the lower percentage rating, which refers to the lower limit of the 90% reliability range, Vietnam's government efficiency index improved from 35.4 percentage points in 2010 to 39.99.9. 2014; 44.7 in 2020 and 47.1 in 2021 (In which: 0 is the lowest efficiency and 100 is the highest efficiency).

[14] In 2022, compared to 2021, Vietnam's Economic freedom Index increased by 6 ranks, from 90th to 84th. The Business Free components index increased sharply with an increase of 8.4 points (from 65.2 to 73.6 points). The Global Innovation Index (GII), Vietnam's ranking in 2024 is 44/133 countries, up 2 places compared to 2023, maintaining 4th place in the ASEAN region (after Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand).

According to Heritage Foundation, since 1995, no country with the same scale has achieved economic freedom as Vietnam thanks to economic reforms in the direction of the market; Vietnam's 2024 Economic Free Trade Index is ranked at 62.8 points, ranking 59/176 countries and increasing by 13 places compared to 2023. According to BrandFinance, Vietnam's national brand is valued to increase by 102% in the period 2019-2023, reaching 498.13 billion USD in 2023.

[15] In 2016, the total state budget expenditure for education was over VND178 trillion, in 2023, the total expenditure increased to over VND286.7 trillion, in 2024 it increased to VND380,561.22 billion.

[16] The Vietnam People's Happiness Index measured according to the United Nations criteria shows that this index tends to increase from 5.061 points, ranked 94/149th nationwide in 2016, to 5.411 points, ranked 79th in 2021, 5.485 points, ranked 77th in 2022, 65th in 2023, 54th in 2024 and 46th in 2025. Compared to 2016, Vietnam's happiness index increased by 48 places.

[17] The scale and potential of the economy will increase with GDP at current prices reaching 346.6 billion USD (2020); 476 billion USD (2024); expected to reach 510 billion USD (2025).

[18] Average GDP growth in the period 2016-2020 reached 6%/year; in the period 2021-2025 reached 6.2%. GDP per capita continues to increase rapidly, reaching 3,586 USD in 2020; 2022 - 4,109 USD; 2023 - 4,323 USD; 2024 - 4,700 USD and is expected to be 5,000 - 5,000 USD in 2025. Growth quality continues to improve with the average labor productivity growth rate at current prices, the average period in 2011-2015 reached 4.53%; period in 2016-2020 reached 6.05%; period in 2021-2024 reached 4.8%, expected to increase by 6%. The contribution of total factor productivity (TFP) to economic growth has continuously improved, from 33.6% in 2011-2015 to 45.4% in 2016-2020; 2021-2025 will reach about 47%.

Average GDP growth in the 2016-2020 period will still reach about 6%/year. GDP per capita continues to increase rapidly, reaching 3,586 USD (in 2020), 4,109 USD (in 2022) and is estimated to reach 4,284 USD (in 2023). Growth quality continues to improve with an average labor productivity growth rate of 5.29% (at current prices), of which the average period of 2011-2015 reached 4.53%; the period of 2016-2020 reached 6.05%. The contribution of total factor productivity (TFP) to economic growth has improved, from 33.6% in 2011-2015 to 45.4% in 2016-2020; the 2021-2023 period is estimated to reach about 35.3% - 46.09%.

[19] By the end of 2024, 73 countries had recognized Vietnam as a market economy, including major trading partners of Vietnam.

[20] Continuously having to review, amend, supplement, and short document life.

[21] The goal of becoming a modern industrialized country by 2020 is not completed; economic growth does not reach the set strategic target, the rate tends to decrease gradually according to the 10-year cycle; there is a risk of falling behind and falling into the middle-income trap.

[22] The 2,340 km long national border between Vietnam and Laos has been supplemented and 1,002 new border markers and markers have been installed, 4.5 times higher than before. For Cambodia, we have completed the boundary marking for about 1,045 km of the Vietnam - Cambodia mainland border, built 315 main markers, 1,511 secondary markers and 221 markers (about 84% of the boundary marking work on the entire route (1,245 km).

[23] Currently, Vietnam has 8 world heritages, 15 intangible cultural heritages, 9 documentary cultural heritages, 11 world biosphere reserves, 3 UNESCO global geoparkes and other titles such as creative city, global learning city, Resolution related to honoring famous people.

[24] For many partners, even with some large countries such as Russia and India, economic cooperation is still quite limited and not comprehensive. Vietnam - Russia trade turnover accounts for less than 1% of the total trade turnover of each country; Vietnam - India trade accounts for only 1.9% of Vietnam's total trade turnover.

[25] 6 Central Party Committees: Central Party Office; Central Organizing Committee; Central Propaganda and Mass Mobilization Committee; Central Internal Affairs Committee; Central Inspection Committee Agency, Central Policy and Strategy Committee. 4 public service units of the Party: Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Nhan Dan Newspaper, Communist Magazine, National Political Publishing House Truth.

[26] There are 14 ministries: Ministry of National Defense; Ministry of Public Security; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Industry and Trade; Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Education and Training; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Construction; Ministry of Agriculture and Environment; Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Home Affairs; Ministry of Ethnic Minorities and Religions. 03 ministerial-level agencies: Government Office; Government Inspectorate; State Bank of Vietnam. 05 agencies under the Government: Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Television, Voice of Vietnam, Vietnam News Agency.

[27] By May 31, 2025, the entire Party will have 49,733 grassroots party organizations (including 22,654 grassroots party committees and 27,079 grassroots party cells).

[28] By May 31, 2025, the total number of Party members in the entire Party will be 5,558,731 Party members.

[29] For example, there are young delegates with little working experience, so their contribution to the activities of the National Assembly is still limited.

[30 During the 14th National Assembly term, after the annual Law and Ordinance Development Program was approved by the National Assembly, during the implementation process, 30 draft laws, 03 draft laws, 15 draft resolutions had to be added to the program; 35 draft laws, 04 draft laws and Ordinance were withdrawn from the Program; 19 adjustments to the law and order development program were made.

[31] The responsibility of the subjects submitting the draft laws and reviewing them is still limited in some cases and the participation of the people is still limited; the time to develop some laws is still long, the professionalism in law-making is not high...

[32] For many partners, even with some large countries such as Russia and India, economic cooperation is still quite limited and not comprehensive. Vietnam - Russia trade turnover accounts for less than 1% of the total trade turnover of each country; Vietnam - India trade accounts for only 1.9% of Vietnam's total trade turnover.

[33],[34] Nguyen Phu Trong: Some theoretical and practical issues on socialism and the path to socialism in Vietnam, Nxb. CTQG ST, 2022, p.161-162.